Chapter 11 Human Physiology

Catecholamines

________ take minutes to hours to break down (free hormones, so not as protected)

Polypeptides

________ are packaged into preprohormones by the rough ER, then into prohormones by the Glogi apparatus, and then the hormone is secreted by exocytosis.

Steroid

________ and thyroid hormones form a hormone- receptor complex when the hormone binds inside of the cell.

Hyporesponsiveness

________ can be caused by not enough receptors, dietary issues, or the signal transduction mechanisms.

Hypothalamus

________ controls the release of anterior pituitary hormones via release of hypophysiotropic hormones.

Peptide

________ and protein hormones are the most numerous class of all hormones.

Progesterone

________ can be secreted by the corpus lteum in ovulation or the adrenal cortex.

Plasma hormone concentration

________ is affected by the rate of secretion into the blood and the rate of removal from the blood.

Non polar chemical messengers

________ can bind to intracellular receptors after diffusing through the cell membrane.

Aromatase

________ helps convert testosterone into estradiol.

Steroid hormones

________ circulate in the plasma and they are bound to plasma proteins (aka albumin)

Hormones

________ can be activated by metabolism to increase binding to receptors.

rate of removal

In the blood the ________ of free proteins happens by enzymatic breakdown or binding.

Hypophysiotropic

________ refers to hormones from the anterior pituitary gland that causes the release of another hormone.

Hormone clearance

________ occurs in the liver and the kidneys.

anterior pituaitary glands

The ________ have more emphasis on blood vessels for hormone transport.

Catecholamines

________ and peptide hormones can not cross the cell membrane, so the receptor must be built into the cell membrane.

Steroid

________ and thyroid hormones bind to intracellular receptors after diffusing through the cell membrane.

Peptide

________ and protein hormones are primarily polar molecules.

hypothalamus

The ________ is part of the diencephalon & works with the pituitary gland.

infundibulum

The ________ includes axons and mood vessels to connect the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland.

Steroid hormones

________ are secreted via diffusion through the plasma membrane once they are made.

Catecholamines

________ & protein hormones are water soluble and are easily transported by being dissolved in the plasma after being released during exocytosis.

Endocrine glands

Ductless organs or groups of cells that secrete hormones directly intothe blood or other body fluids

True

T or F, A single gland can secrete more than one hormone

Amine

Hormones derived from the amino acid tyrosine

Thyroid hormones

Amine hormones from the thyroid gland

Catecholamines

Amine hormones form the adrenal medulla, such as epinephrine

Dopamine

An amine hormone secreted by the hypothalamus

Steroids

Hormones synthesized from cholesterol by gonads, adrenal cortex, and the placenta

Adrenal Glands

Paired glands that sit atop the kidneys and are known for hormone synthesis

Adrenal medulla

A modified sympathetic ganglion that releases catecholamines in resposne to sympathetic activation

Adrenal cortex

Outer region of the adrenal gland that produces steroid hormones

Aldosterone

A mineralocorticoid that regulates sodium, potassium, and hydrogen ions to help with water balance; relelased by the adrenal cortex

Cortisol

A glucocorticoid that regulates metabolism of glucose and other nutrients to deal with stress response; released by the adrenal cortex

Adrostenedione

A less potent version of testosterone, used in sexual development; released by the adrenal cortex

Gonads

Produce steroids that are important for sexual development and reproductive function

Testes

Mainly secrete testosterone and small amounts of estrogens; often converted to estradiol in target tissues by way of aromatase

Ovaries

Secrete estradiol (estrogen) and small amounts of testosterone, as well as progesterone

Permissiveness

An up-regulation of the number of receptors for one hormone due to the presence of the second hormone, allowing for a larger response

Non-genomic

Effects of a hormone that have short-term effects, and the components are already built within the cell

Humoral Control

A modality of control for homone secretion where ion/nutrient concentrations within the blood act as the stimulus for hormone release

Neural Control

A modality of control for homone secretionl where neurotransmitter release from the autonomic nervous system can influence hormone release from many endocrine glands

Hormonal Control

A modality of control for homone secretion where one hormone can signal the release of a second hormone from a different endocrine gland

Tropic

The hormone that singals the release of a second hormone from a different endocrine gland

Infundibulum

The pituitary gland and the hypothalamus are connected by this tissue

Portal system

This modality includes veins are in between two separate capillary beds are portal veins that make up the system that supports hypophysiotropic hormone transport

Long-Loop

The third hormone in a three-hormone system can have a negative feedback on the hypothalumus or the anterior pituitary, also called negative feedback

Short-loop

The second hormones can exert negative feedback on the hypothalumus, called negative feedback

Hyposecretion

There is a reduction in the amount of the hormone within the plasma, causing an impaired response

Primary hyposecretion

The reduction of hormones in the plasma is caused by the hormone-producing gland (the third hormone in sequence), caused by destruction of the gland, enzyme deficiency, or dietary deficiency

Secondary hyposecretion

There is too little stimulation by a tropic hormone, causing an unsafe reduction in hormone concentration; the second hormone is not doing enough so the final hormone cannot be released

Hypersecretion

Increased circulating hormone concentrations

Primary hypersecretion

The gland is producing too much hormone

Secondary hypersecretion

Excessive stimulation by the tropic hormone on the final hormone producer

Hyporesponsiveness

The cell has a diminished response to hormonal inputs, despite a proper amount of hormone being present

Hyperresponsiveness

The cell has a very much increased response to hormonal inputs, although hormone levels are normal