Ch 16

Earl Warren

Eisenhower appointed Earl as court’s Chief Justice

13th amendment

abolished slavery

14th amendment

gave citizenship and equal protection under the constitution

15th amendment

gave the right to vote

Brown v Board of Education

* NAACP and Thurgood Marshall began to focus on desegregating the nation’s elementary and highschools in the 1950s
* He found a case in Linda Brown of Topeka, Kansas
* Unanimous verdict
* Plessy vs. Ferguson was overturned
* Schools were to be integrated, but most of the south did not integrate after the decision

The Little Rock Nine

Arkansas National Guard turned 9 chicldren away from entering the school for 3 weeks. Eisenhower sent 101st Airborne to escort the children to school.

Grassroots Activism

to bring about the equality individuals desired. allowed individual people with no power to come together as a group to form power.

Walter White

established the first African American trade union. In the NAACP.

Thurgood Marshall

helped to completely overturn the legal basis of “separate

but equal”

Bayard Rustin

a notable civil rights leader. Wanted to protest againts employment discrimination through non-violent acts. Led movements for civil rights, gay rights, and non-violence.

James Farmer

founded the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)

CORE

fought discrimination through non-violent acts of protest

Mary Church Terrell

led the antidiscrimination struggle in deeply segregated Washington

PCCR

President’s committee on civil rights. Led by Truman, his mission was to protect all American civil rights.

William H Johnson

painted scenes of African American solders and people doing everyday activities

Billie Holiday

Jazz Singer promoted public awareness about civil rights.

Nina Simone

preformed songs about lynching, segregation, and war in the South.

Odetta

Folk singer. Her audience would sing lyrics to her spirituals to unite the protesters. “We Shall Overcome”

Bob Dylan, Joan Raez, and James Baldwin

white folk singers who performed at concerts to raise money and supportfor civil rights

William Hastie

mounted legal attacks against Plessy v Ferguson, 1896 case that established the doctrine “separate but equal”

Richard Wright

explored poverty and oppression of African Americans in novel Native Son

Ralph Ellison

wrote the novel Invisible Man about feeling dehumanized as African American in a major white society

Mendez v Westminster

challenged “separate but equal”

Sweatt v Painter

Sweatt an African American college student who was denied to a university because of his color

Mclaurin v Oklahoma State Regents

resulted in college classes around the nation to become integrated

Civil Rights act of 1957 and 1960

Eisenhower signed the civil rights act to protest the voting rights of African Americans. Failed both times.

Nonviolence SNCC

Ella Baker founded student non-violent coordinating committee. Grassroots movement, defeat racism and obtain equality

Kennedy and Freedom Riders

Kennedy sent police and state troopers to protect the freedom bus riders. Agreed not to interfere with MS arrests of activists.

James Meredith

desegregate Ole Miss, riots break out, many injured, 2 killed. Medgar Evans killed, Meredith shot.

King Campaigns in Birmingham

King and SCLC protested in Birmingham “most segregated city in the south”. King was arrested, youth join demonstration, Eugune “Bull” Connor acts against protests.

Freedom Summer

* SNCC campaign to register AA to vote


* Formation of MS Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP) and Fannie Lon Hamer
* 3 men disappear and are found dead

Marching to Selma

* SCLC campaign for federal gov. to enact voter rights legislation
* Confrontation at Edmund Pettus Bridge

New Laws

* Voting Rights Act in 1965: Banned literacy tests preventing African Americans from voting
* 24 Amendment: banned poll tax (pay to vote)
* Limited gerrymandering “one man, one vote”

Jo Ann Robinson

President the Women’s Polit. Council, organized volunteers who distributed flyers declaring one-day boycott of city’s buses.

SCLC

southern Christian leadership conference. strength came from leadership of African American churches

SNCC

Student non-violenent coordinating committee. Cofounder Ella Baker. Sit-ins inspired a group of African Americans to create their own polit. organization.

Robert F Kennedy

President Kennedy’s brother sent US marshalls to protect the bus riders in WA.

Eugene T “Bull” Connor

commissioner of public safety. strictly enforced segregation ordinances. active in the KKK.

George Wallace

governor. flanked by state troopers. physically blocked 3 African American students from entering the University of Alabama.

Medgar Evans

a civil rights activist who was shot by a white segregationist in front of his house

What was the goal of the Birmingham campaign and why did it end?

MLK and SCLC developed plans to confront segregation and white segregationists attacks on Birmingham Church. They would preform sit-ins and boycotts but it got to violent and had to end.

March on Washington for Jobs and Equality

major rally in the nation’s capital in support of civil rights and the civil rights bill. twice the people arrived.

Voter registration drive

launched by SNCC and CORE in MS to get as many eligible African Americans as possible to sign up and vote.

Freedom Summer

MS summer project invited whites to work with civil rights organizations.