APUSH Period 2 Review

Spanish Colonies

Spanish Colonies

Spanish settlements in North America grew slowly due to limited resources, opposition from Native Americans, and the desire to counter Protestantism. Juan Ponce de Leon claimed Florida in 1513, with St. Augustine as a key settlement.

French Colonies

French colonizers focused on converting people to Christianity and fur trading, establishing Quebec, New Orleans, and Louisiana through river networks. They married Native Americans and had few traders.

Dutch Colonies

The Dutch, led by Henry Hudson, established New Amsterdam (later New York) under the Dutch East India Company for economic gain. They settled along rivers, focused on trading networks, and did not intermarry with Native Americans.

British Colonies

English settlers, attracted by opportunities in America, relied on joint-stock companies for colonization funding. They were more interested in farming, had a higher percentage of female colonists, and sought better lives and religious freedom.

Early English Settlements

English colonies developed sectional differences with three types - Corporate Colonies (operated by joint-stock companies), Royal Colonies (under direct rule of the King's government), and Proprietary Colonies (under authority of individuals granted ownership by the king).

Jamestown

Founded in 1607 by the Virginia Company, Jamestown faced challenges like disease, Native American conflicts, and economic struggles. John Rolfe's introduction of tobacco helped the colony survive, transitioning from white labor to African slaves.

Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay

Founded for religious reasons and wealth, Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay were settled by Protestant Englishmen who disagreed with the Anglican Church. Separatists (Pilgrims) and Puritans played key roles in these colonies.

Religious Issues in Maryland

Maryland, the first proprietary colony, was established as a haven for Catholics facing persecution in England. The Act of Toleration granted religious freedom to Christians but led to conflicts with Protestants.

New England

Rhode Island and Connecticut were formed by dissenters from Puritanism like Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson. Rhode Island allowed religious freedom and recognized Native American rights, while Connecticut established a representative government.

Restoration Colonies

The Carolinas, the Middle Colonies (New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware), and Georgia were established for various reasons, including economic opportunities, religious freedom, and defense. William Penn's Pennsylvania was a refuge for Quakers and promoted liberal ideas.

New England Confederation

An alliance between four New England colonies that set a precedent for unified action towards common goals.

Metacom's War (King Philip's War)

A conflict a few years before the New England Confederation fell apart, initiated by Metacom, also known as King Philip, in response to English settlers encroaching on Native American land.

Bacon's Rebellion

Led by Nathaniel Bacon against the dictatorial rule of Sir William Berkeley in Virginia, highlighting class differences and conflicts with Native Americans.

Pueblo Revolt

A rebellion in 1680 by many Native American tribes against Spanish rule, resulting in the expulsion of the Spanish until 1692.

Headright System

A system in Virginia granting 50 acres of land to each immigrant who paid for their passage, encouraging immigration and land ownership.

Indentured Servants

Individuals who agreed to work for a certain time in exchange for passage, housing, and care, with the possibility of gaining freedom and land.

Institution of Slavery

The transition from indentured servitude to African slavery in the British colonies due to various economic and social factors.

Great Awakening

A religious movement emphasizing repentance and salvation, led by figures like Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield, influencing calls for separation of church and state.

Enlightenment

A European movement promoting reason and natural laws, influencing American thought through figures like John Locke and contributing to the development of the Constitution.

Colonial Relationship with Britain

The evolving relationship between the American colonies and Britain, with colonies adopting British philosophies while developing their own American viewpoints and motivations.