apush terms chap 20-24

American exceptionalism

The belief that the United States has a unique mission to promote democracy and freedom globally.

Teller Amendment

A 1898 provision stating the U.S. would not annex Cuba after the Spanish-American War.

Insular Cases

Supreme Court cases determining the constitutional rights of inhabitants in U.S. territories.

Platt Amendment

A 1901 amendment allowing U.S. intervention in Cuban affairs and establishing a naval base at Guantanamo Bay.

"Open Door" Policy

A diplomatic policy aimed at ensuring equal trading rights in China for all foreign nations.

Root-Takahira Agreement

A 1908 agreement between the U.S. and Japan affirming mutual respect for each nation's Pacific territories.

Panama Canal

A significant infrastructure project completed in 1914, facilitating maritime trade between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.

Roosevelt Corollary

An extension of the Monroe Doctrine asserting U.S. intervention in Latin American countries to maintain stability.

Zimmermann Telegram

A secret German diplomatic message proposing a military alliance with Mexico against the U.S. during World War I.

War Industries Board (WIB)

A U.S. government agency established during World War I to coordinate the production of war materials.

National War Labor Board (NWLB)

A government agency that mediated labor disputes during World War I to prevent strikes.

Sedition Act of 1918

A law prohibiting speech perceived as disloyal or critical of the U.S. government during World War I.

Great Migration

The relocation of millions of African Americans from the rural South to urban areas in the North and West from 1916 to 1970.

National Woman’s Party (NWP)

A women's organization formed in 1916 that campaigned for women's suffrage and equality.

Fourteen Points

President Woodrow Wilson's proposal for post-World War I peace, emphasizing self-determination and the League of Nations.

League of Nations

An international organization established after World War I aimed at promoting peace and cooperation among countries.

Treaty of Versailles

The 1919 peace treaty that ended World War I and imposed heavy reparations on Germany.

Red Scare

The period of intense fear of communism and radical leftist ideologies in the U.S. following World War I.

Palmer Raids

Raids conducted by the U.S. government in 1919-1920 to arrest and deport radical leftists and anarchists.

Red Summer

The summer of 1919 marked by violent race riots in several U.S. cities due to racial tensions.

American Plan

A policy promoting open shops and opposing unionization in the workplace during the 1920s.

Welfare Capitalism

A system where businesses provide welfare-like benefits to promote loyalty and reduce unionization.

Dollar Diplomacy

U.S. foreign policy aiming to promote American financial interests abroad through loans and investments.

Teapot Dome

A scandal involving bribery and oil reserves in the 1920s, highlighting corruption in the Harding administration.

Consumer Credit

A form of credit allowing consumers to purchase goods and services with future payment promises.

Flapper

A young woman in the 1920s known for bold fashion and lifestyle choices, symbolizing women's liberation.

Soft Power

The ability to influence and attract others through cultural or ideological appeal rather than coercion.

Sheppard-Towner Federal Maternity and Infancy Act

A 1921 law providing federal funding for maternity and infant healthcare.

Eighteenth Amendment

The constitutional amendment prohibiting the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcohol in the U.S.

Volstead Act

The law enacted to provide for the enforcement of the Eighteenth Amendment (Prohibition).

American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU)

An organization founded in 1920 focused on defending individual rights and liberties guaranteed by the Constitution.

Scopes Trial

A 1925 legal case debating the teaching of evolution in schools, highlighting the conflict between science and religion.

National Origins Act

A 1924 immigration law setting quotas based on national origin, limiting immigration from Southern and Eastern Europe.

Ku Klux Klan (KKK)

A white supremacist group promoting racism and violence, re-emerged in the 20th century.

Harlem Renaissance

A cultural movement celebrating African American art, literature, and music centered in Harlem in the 1920s.

Jazz

A music genre characterized by improvisation and a strong rhythm, significant to the Harlem Renaissance.

Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA)

A 1920s organization founded by Marcus Garvey promoting African American culture and unity.

Pan-Africanism

A movement aimed at strengthening bonds among people of African descent and promoting unity.

Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti

Italian immigrants convicted of murder; their trial highlighted issues of prejudice and injustice.

Marcus Garvey

A Jamaican activist promoting the Back-to-Africa movement and black nationalism in the early 20th century.

Henry Ford

An industrialist who revolutionized the auto industry with assembly line production.

Adolph Zukor

A pioneering film producer and co-founder of Paramount Pictures, influential in Hollywood.

Zora Neale Hurston

An influential African American author and anthropologist, known for her literary contributions.

Louis Armstrong

A prominent jazz musician and trumpet player, significant in popularizing jazz nationally and internationally.

Smoot-Hawley Tariff

A 1930 tariff law that raised duties on imports, contributing to the Great Depression.

Bonus Army

A group of World War I veterans who marched on Washington in 1932 demanding their bonus payment.

Reside Chats

Informal radio talks by President Franklin D. Roosevelt aimed at reassuring the public during the Great Depression.

Hundred Days

The first hundred days of FDR's presidency marked by extensive legislative action to combat the Great Depression.

Glass-Steagall Act

A 1933 act separating commercial banking from investment banking to protect depositors.

Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)

A New Deal program reducing surpluses to boost agricultural prices.

National Recovery Administration (NRA)

A New Deal agency aimed at stimulating industrial recovery and establishing fair labor standards.

Public Works Administration (PWA)

A New Deal agency funding large public works projects to stimulate the economy.

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)

A New Deal program employing young men in environmental conservation projects.

Federal Housing Administration (FHA)

Established in 1934 to facilitate home financing and improve housing standards in the U.S.

Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)

An agency regulating the securities markets and protecting investors from fraud, established in 1934.

American Liberty League

A political organization formed in 1934 to oppose the New Deal and promote free enterprise.

National Association of Manufacturers (NAM)

A trade association advocating for the interests of manufacturers in the U.S.

Townsend Plan

A proposal during the Great Depression advocating for old-age pensions funded by a national sales tax.

Welfare State

A government system providing social services and economic assistance to improve citizen well-being.

Wagner Act

A 1935 law granting workers the right to unionize and engage in collective bargaining.

Social Security Act

A 1935 law providing retirement pensions and unemployment insurance for American workers.

Works Progress Administration (WPA)

A New Deal agency providing jobs for the unemployed in various sectors.

Keynesian Economics

An economic theory advocating for increased government spending and lower taxes to stimulate demand.

Fair Labor Standards Act

A 1938 law establishing minimum wage, overtime pay, and child labor regulations.

Indian Reorganization Act

A 1934 law aimed at restoring self-governance to Native Americans.

Dust Bowl

A period of severe dust storms in the 1930s causing agricultural damage in the Southern Plains.

Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)

A federal corporation created in 1933 for navigation, flood control, and economic development.

Rural Electrification Administration (REA)

A New Deal agency established in 1935 to provide electricity to rural areas of the U.S.

Federal Writers’ Project (FWP)

A New Deal program employing writers to document American life during the Great Depression.

Fascism

A political ideology characterized by authoritarian nationalism and suppression of dissent.

National Socialist (Nazi) Party

A fascist political party in Germany known for its totalitarian regime and the Holocaust.

Axis Powers

The coalition of nations led by Germany, Italy, and Japan during World War II.

Neutrality Act of 1935

U.S. law preventing American involvement in foreign wars by restricting arms sales and loans.

Popular Front

A political alliance of leftist groups in the 1930s opposing fascism and promoting social reform.

Munich Conference

A 1938 meeting where leaders appeased Hitler by allowing the annexation of parts of Czechoslovakia.

America First Committee (AFC)

An isolationist organization opposing U.S. entry into World War II.

Four Freedoms

Principles by FDR promoting freedom of speech, worship, from want, and from fear.

Lend-Lease Act

A program allowing U.S. to supply Allied nations with war materials during World War II.

Atlantic Charter

A policy statement by FDR and Churchill outlining post-war goals during World War II.

Pearl Harbor

The U.S. naval base attacked by Japan on December 7, 1941, prompting U.S. entry into World War II.

War Powers Act (1941)

A law increasing executive branch authority in wartime for military operations.

Revenue Act

Laws enacted to adjust tax rates and revenues in the early years of World War II.

Code Talkers

Native American soldiers creating secure military communications using their languages during WWII.

"Double V" campaign

A World War II campaign advocating for victory against fascism abroad and racial discrimination at home.

Executive Order 8802

A 1941 order prohibiting racial discrimination in the defense industry.

Bracero Program

A wartime program allowing Mexican laborers to work in the U.S. from 1942 to 1964.

Servicemen’s Readjustment Act

A 1944 law providing benefits to returning World War II veterans.

Zoot-suit riots

Riots in 1943 in Los Angeles between U.S. servicemen and Mexican-American youths.

Executive Order 9066

A 1942 executive order authorizing the internment of Japanese Americans during WWII.

D-Day

The Allied invasion of Normandy on June 6, 1944, a critical turning point in World War II.

Holocaust

The genocide of six million Jews and millions of others by Nazi Germany during WWII.

Manhattan Project

A secret U.S. project during WWII focused on developing atomic weapons.

Benito Mussolini

An Italian politician and leader of the National Fascist Party, who ruled Italy as Prime Minister from 1922 to 1943 and was a key figure in the creation of Fascism.

Hideki Tojo

A Japanese general and politician who served as Prime Minister of Japan during much of World War II, known for his role in the militarization of Japan and the attack on Pearl Harbor.

Winston Churchill

Prime Minister of the United Kingdom during World War II, known for his leadership and oratory skills that helped inspire the British people.

Harry S. Truman

The 33rd president of the US, recognized for making the decision to drop atomic bombs on Hiroshima & Nagasaki and for implementing Truman Doctrine to prevent communism.

Mary McLeod Bethune

African American educator and civil rights leader who founded a school for Black girls and served as a government advisor.

Francis Perkins

First female cabinet member in U.S. history, served as Secretary of Labor under Franklin D. Roosevelt. She played a key role in establishing social security and labor rights.

Huey Long

Louisiana politician and populist leader known for 'Share Our Wealth' program during the Great Depression, advocate for wealth redistribution and social welfare.

Queen Liliuokalani

Last monarch of Hawaii, known for her efforts to restore the power of the Hawaiian monarchy and oppose U.S. annexation.