Untitled Flashcards Set

Cognitive Development

The progression of mental processes through which individuals gain knowledge and understanding.

Jean Piaget

Psychologist who proposed a theory of cognitive development consisting of four stages.

Sensory-Motor Stage

First stage in Piaget's theory (birth to 2 years) where knowledge develops through sensory experiences and actions.

Object Permanence

Understanding that objects continue to exist even when not seen, developed in the sensory-motor stage.

Preoperational Stage

Second stage in Piaget's theory (2 to 7 years) characterized by symbolic thought but lack of logical reasoning.

Egocentrism

Preoperational children's difficulty in seeing perspectives other than their own.

Conservation

Understanding that quantity remains the same despite changes in shape or arrangement.

Concrete-Operational Stage

Third stage in Piaget's theory (7 to 11 years) where children can think logically about concrete events.

Formal Operational Stage

Final stage in Piaget's theory (11 years to adulthood) marked by abstract and systematic thinking.

Schemas

Mental models that help children understand their experiences and the world.

Assimilation

Process of integrating new information into existing schemas.

Accommodation

Process of modifying schemas when new information cannot be assimilated.

Lawrence Kohlberg

Psychologist known for his theory of moral development consisting of three levels and six stages.

Preconventional Level

First level in Kohlberg's moral development theory focused on self-interest and avoiding punishment.

Punishment Orientation

Stage 1 of Kohlberg's moral development where morality is based on avoiding punishment.

Naïve Reward Orientation

Stage 2 of Kohlberg's moral development where morality is based on obtaining rewards.

Conventional Level

Second level in Kohlberg's theory focused on societal norms and maintaining social order.

Good Boy/Good Girl Orientation

Stage 3 of Kohlberg's moral development focused on gaining approval from others.

Authority Orientation

Stage 4 of Kohlberg's moral development focused on obeying rules and laws.

Postconventional Level

Final level in Kohlberg's moral development emphasizing abstract principles of justice and rights.

Social Contract Orientation

Stage 5 of Kohlberg's moral development based on social contracts.

Individual Principles and Conscience Orientation

Stage 6 of Kohlberg's moral development focusing on individual ethical principles.

Erik Erikson

Psychologist who developed the psychosocial development theory with eight stages.

Trust vs. Mistrust

Stage 1 in Erikson's theory (birth to 1 year), where infants learn to trust caregivers.

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

Stage 2 in Erikson's theory (1 to 3 years) where toddlers develop independence.

Initiative vs. Guilt

Stage 3 in Erikson's theory (3 to 6 years) balancing eagerness with responsibility.

Industry vs. Inferiority

Stage 4 in Erikson's theory (6 to 12 years) where children learn skills and competencies.

Identity vs. Role Confusion

Stage 5 in Erikson's theory (12 to 18 years) where adolescents explore roles for identity.

Nature vs. Nurture

Debate regarding genetic versus environmental influences on development.

Continuity vs. Stages

Discussion on whether development is gradual or occurs in distinct stages.

Stability vs. Change

Inquiry into whether personality traits remain stable or change over time.

Prenatal Development

Development occurring from conception to birth, typically within nine months.

Zygote

The fertilized egg stage from conception to two weeks.

Embryo

Stage from two to eight weeks where major organs and structures form.

Fetus

Development stage from nine weeks to birth, marked by continued growth and maturation.

Teratogens

Harmful substances that can cause birth defects during fetal development.

Harry Harlow

Psychologist known for studies on attachment and social development in infants.

Imprinting

Process by which newborns follow the first moving object they see, typically their mother.

Stranger Anxiety

Emerges around 8 months, indicating the development of social awareness.

Parenting Styles

Various approaches to child-rearing that impact social competence and self-esteem.

Authoritative Parenting

Parenting style associated with the best outcomes, fostering self-reliance and social skills.

Adolescence

Developmental stage marked by significant physical, emotional, and social changes.

Thomas Joiner's theory

Theory suggesting the desire for death stems from unmet needs for belonging and effective coping.

Aggression

Behavior that can stem from various factors; includes teasing and bullying.