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Behaviourism
Only behavior that could be observed should be studied
Bottom-up processing
The “input” in sensory information that comes to us through interaction with the environment
Top-down processing
Information that is processed in the mind, prestored info in memory
Cognitive misers
We often make the choice to not actively process information because we want to save time and effort
Schema
Mental representations that are derived from prior experience and knowledge
Script
Patterns of behaviour that are learned through our interaction with the environment
Serial reproduction
A pariticpant reproduces certain info to another participant which then is passed onto another participant, so on
Repeated reproduction
Participants learns the material and recalls it repeatedly over various testing occasions
3 memory processes:
Encoding
Storage
Retrieval
Transforming sensory information into memory
Creating a biological trace of the encoded information in memory
Using the stored information in thinking
TEACUP
Testable, empirical evidence, applications, construct validity, unbiased, predictive validity
Memory
Process by which information is encoded, stored, and retrieved
Declarative memory
Memory of facts and events and refers to those memories that can be consciously recalled
Episodic memory
Contains the memory of specific events that have occurred at a given time and place
Semantic memory
Contains general knowledge of facts and people
Procedural memory
Unconscious memory of skills and how to do things
multi-store model
A model of memory by Atkinson and shiffrin
Sensory memory
Related to different senses, ex, hearing and vision
Miller’s magic number
Miller proposed the number 7 (±2) is the average memory span
Primary effect
Ability to recall words at the beginning of the list because they had already been transferred to LTM
Recency effect
Ability to recall words that have just been spoken because they are still in STM
Strengths of MSM
There is significant research to support the theory of memory loss
The model is of historical importance
Limitations of msm
The model is oversimplified, doesn’t explain memory distortion, there are times we rehearse a lot and information is not transfered to LTM
Working memory model
Suggests that STM is not a single store but consists of different stores
Dual task technique
Procedure where participants carry out two tasks
Central executive
An attention control system that monitors and coordinates the operations of the subsystems of processing and storage in WMM
Automatic level
Based on habits that rely on schemas in long term memory and controlled by stimuli from environment
Supervisory attention level
Deals with planning and decision making
Phonological loop
The auditory component of STM and it is divided into two components; the articulately control system and the phonological store
The articulatory control system
Holds verbal information
The phonological store
Holds auditory memory traces
Articulatory suppression
Participants are asked to repeat a word while they memorise a list of words causing the decrease of accuracy in the recall of information
The visuospatial sketchpad
Temporary store for visual and spatial information from either sensory memory or LTM
The episodic buffer
A temporary store that integrates information from the other components and maintains a sense of time
Strengths of the WMM
Supported by considerable experimental evidence, helps us understand why we are able to multi task in some situations
Limitations of the WMM
The role of the central executive is unclear, model only explains short term memory, doesn’t explain memory distortion or the role of emotion in memory
The dual process model
There’s are 2 basic models of thinking, system 1 and 2
System 1
Automatic, intuitive, and effortless way of thinking
System 2
Slower, conscious, and rational mode of thinking
Heuristics
Mental shortcuts that focus on one aspect of a complex problem and ignoring others
Strengths of DPM
There is biological evidence that different types of thinking may be processed in different parts of the brain
Limitations of DPM
The model can be overly reductionist and does not explain how our thinking and decision making could be influenced by emotion
Misinformation effect
Tendency for the information you learned after an event to interfere with your original memory of what happened
Cross-sectional study
Not a longitudinal study
Flashbulb memory
Highly detailed snapshot of the moment when a surprising and emotionally arousing event happened
Note 
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