HISTORY-HITLERS RISENTO POWER

HOW DID HITLER ENTER POLITICS AFTER WW1 1919

• 1919 He worked for army monitoring radical groups and parties, he attended a meeting from German workers party (DAP) and was attracted to their views as hated TOV, he then attended regular meetings

• 1921: became leader of DAP instead of anto drexler

What was the peoples court

Courts with nazi judges who had to swear an oath to hitler, hearing trials of treason which was set up after hitler abolished trial by jury

What was the concordat

1933 hitlermade a truce with pope not to interfere with catholics if bishops didnt interfere with politics

Did hitler break concordat, if so how

Yes, 1937, 400 catholics sent to concentration camps, catholic schools closed, groups banned

Describe censorship

All anti-nazi ideas banned in 1933

20,000 Jewish books and communist books burnt

Writers,films,artists could only produce nazi arts. Anti-nazi jokes made crime

What was public works

Nazis plan to build 7000 miles of motorways to improve transport and spent 738 billion marks on schools, hospitals to create jobs

What were the results of nazis work for unemployment

Nazis announced unemployment went from 4,800,000 to 300,000 by 1939

Did nazis succeed in controlling church

Unsuccessful as most Germans practised their religion secretly

What did pastor martin Niemeller do - church opposition

• He opposed the nazi restrictions on Jews becoming Christian’s so set up confessional church 1934 and spoke out against nazis through sermon, there were 6000 confessional churches compared to 2000 reich churches - criticised Nazi control over religion

• sent to concentration camp from 1938-45

• Set up pastors emergency league to campaign against nazis and spoke out against them through sermons

Describe church opposition

1934 confessional church set up opposing reich church, 6000 pastors joined, 800 sent to concentration camps

How did DAP evolve into nazi party and grow

• FEB 1920: Hitler changed name to nationalist socialist workers party (nsdap) to appeal to working class(supported socialist views )to wider to gain support

• Adopted swastika as symbol eye catching

• Published 25 point programme outlining “beliefs” to attract people

• Hitler became known as a powerful man and speaker (first speech to 111 people by FEBRUARY spoke to 2,000)

• Hitler set up SA who were hitlers body guards to protect Hitler

List 3 key points from nazi party’s 25 point programme

• abolition of treaty

• Only true Germans allowed to live in Germany- Jews excluded

• A strong central German government

• Education and wealth to be improved

  It was a list of beliefs and promises that would be introduced if nazis came to power in aim to appeal to different groups in society

How did 25 pp appeal to nationalists

• treaty should be abolished

• Only those with German blood can be German citizens

• All Germans should be united in Germany

How did 25 pp appeal to socialists

• education and health to be improved

• Large companies should share profits with workers

Who were SA

Hitlers set up a private army/ bodyguards to protect nazis and himself and wore brown uniform

• violent to anyone who critiqued Nazi views

• Guarded Hitler

• Disrupted meeting of other parties (KPD AND SPD TO INTIMIDATE)

that had to wear uniform and military style training led by ernst rohm from 1923, used to maintain hitlers control of Nazi party and intimidate opponents (SPD AND KPD

DESCRIBE MUNICH PUTSCH

08 November 1923 Bavarian government met in beer hall : Gustav von Kant main leader folllowed by von seisser and von lossow then Hitler burst in and shot gun to ceiling declaring he taking over Weimar Republic and Bavarian state and LUDENDORFF become leader of Germany and demanded support from Bavarian official

09 Nov: Hitler, Ludendorf and supporters marched to attack streets of Munich to declare Hitler as president and Hitler assumed to have support from people

• Bavarian officials withdrew support and army remained loyal to government and Hitler, Ludendorff, Röhm, Streicher arrested by goerings bodyguard

Why did munich putsch fail

• bavarian officials withdrew support and told police state

• No support off of public

Key factors that led to Hitler attempt Munich putsch

• NSDAP growing support 1923 hd 50,000 members

• Inspired from Mussolini march in Italy who forced government to accept him as new leader

• Hyperinflation crisis reached peak making Weimar government look weak so wanted to show he could economically help Germany

Consequences of Munich putsch

• Hitler found guilty of treason and suspended 5 years prison

• NSDAP banned

How was Munich putsch long term success for Hitler

Made him re-think and plan his tactics to take over Germany and realised he needed a new legal strategy to take over Germany and win power like a party with nationwide support, wrote MEIN KAMPF containing political ideas

What was the golden age known as for the nazis

THE LEAN YEARS 1929 as used this time to reorganise party and had no support of public - had 1 seats in reichstag

Why was the golden age known as lean years for nazis, why did they have low support

• hyperinflation dealt with by stresseman in 1924 and built economic stability so support for extremist parties were cut

• 1925 Paul von Hindenburg became president who was well respected which increase support for Weimar Republic and not nazis/communists who wanted to rid it

How did Hitler reorganise Nazi party after being released?

1925 party secretary and treasurer appointed to prepare party for elections

• Built connection with wealthy business owners who supported anti-communist views

• Ran party like mini state to increase support of local parties: divided Germany into regions (GAUES) and each had leader o recruit people

1926 Bamberg comference

Hitler wanted to consolidate his control of Nazi party who disagreed with him so he split Nazi party between nationalists and socialists

Said that socialists were enemies like communists and a threat to Nazi party and refocused Nazi party to be nationalists

IN REORGANising Nazi party what happened to SA

Didn’t trust them and thought they were more loyal to leader Ernst Röhm

• believed them to be too violent giving him a bad repute

• so set up SS to be his bodyguards which was led by henreich himmler. 1930 had 3000

What happened in the election after Hitler reorganised Nazi party

Nazis only won 12 seats and 2.6% votes which shows it was lean years in 1928 but it’s membership grew from 27,000 to 100,000 in 1929

Nazi tactics to gain support

• propaganda: in march 1933 Hitler made one of his most loyal followers Joseph goebels head if propaganda where he spreader Nazi ideas and made them look appealing through newspapers, leaflets, posters and MASS RALLIES were held to present Hitler a strong man

• Tech: Hitler used aeroplanes to fly to many cities he could in a day to maximise the spread of Nazi ideology and rallies

• Chaos: sa disrupted communists parties and meetings making it impossible for them to campaign properly in elections - appealed to upper and middle class as it gave impression they were defeating “communist threat”

When and why did Wall Street crash/ Great Depression happen?

• October 1929: Wall Street crash/ Great Depression

• German economy linked to US and Germans had loans to Dawes and youngs plan

• USA stopped loans and demanded to pay money back and poverty, unemployment increased and people who kept jobs wages reduced 70%

• Caused economic problems as u employment rose, business and banks collapsed (Great Depression )

  Led to people turning to party as Nazis promised work an bread in which people didnt have to make them look like a saviou

What was the effect of Great Depression

Explain the failure of Weimar government to deal with unemployment

Chancellor henrich Brüning raised taxes ad slashed unemployment benefits to try and save money, and unemployment reached 6 million people in 1933 which increased poverty, homelessness. SPD leader muller refused to support him so burning used article 48 to pass laws which was hated

Why did people turn to nazis in Great Depression

• Promised work and bread

• Unemployment benefits were cut so people saw Weimar government as weak and lost faith

• Promised Stable Government as Weimar government was seen as weak as unable to deal with unemployment and economy

How did Nazis increase support- fear of communism

People turned to Nazi and KPD party as government viewed as weak and many working class saw communists as only party to defend jobs and wages

Led to upper, middle class scared that communists would take all land and money so turned to Nazi party as last defence

When does Hitler become chancellor and what does he promise

1933 January, to destroy treaty of Versailles an fix economy

How did Great Depression affect industrial production

Fell by 40% by 1932

How much di Great Depression cause unemployment to rise

From 1,300,000 to 6,000,000

What did Hitler want for German society

• strong aryan race

• Areich that wold last over 1000 years

• A growing aryan population

What were the aim of nazis towards women

Stay at home, look after family, breed “pure” children for growing aryan race, Kinder Küche Kirche

What were marriage loans , how did this encourage women And what gift were they given

Set up 1933, gave couples 1000 marks for young couples to marry. Encourages women to quit job and stay at home and ¼ loan written off once had child to influence to breed

Also given medals for having 4+ kids

How did Nazis use propaganda And who was the minister

• posters, films, newspapers displaying Nazi views

• Joseph Goebel

• Huge rallies and politcal parades projecting power that would make Germans feel proud

• Olympic Games 1936: Hitler used this to present Nazi germany as a powerful organised Party. and promote is Nazi ideology (Aryan race being superior)

How did nazis use censorship

Banning ideas or stopping them spreading

• burned books by Jews or disagreed with Nazi views

• Newspapers opposing Nazi closed

• Radio producers and film makers told what to say

What was lebensborn programme

Set up by SS leader henreich himmler to encourage women to breed with SS men to create ‘pure’ families

What did Nazis do to women employment

1933, women banned from profession jobs like teachers and doctors.

1934 360,000 women quit jobs to be at home

1936 couldn’t be judges or lawyers

Happened to reduce men unemployment as women were taking up job opportunities as 1934 6 million men unemployed

Why did nazis want to increase birth rate

• brith rate was falling in Germany so nazis needed to encourage families to have more children for more soldiers and workers

• Increase Aryan race

How did hitlers appeal to propogangda increase Nazi support 1929-1933

Hitler was seen as a strong leader and likeable, used face and name on eaglet and posters, he promised strong leadership, end treaty of versallies and restore law

The rallies were used to promote Nazi ideologies and present them as a strong organised force (SA) which people wanted to join

Spoke in rallies to influence people and accompanied by Sa whic looked strong which pple wanted to join

How did Nazis appeal to different groups in society

• working class: promised work and bread

• Business men: promised to solve economy

• Middle class: promised to defend against communism and solve economy problems

• women: saw Nazis as protecting family values

How many seats in reichstag didnazis have in 1928 compared to 1932

12 then 230 which shows increased support

How did Hitler become chancellor 1933

President hindenburg made von pappen chancellor, replaces bruning who he gets advice off 1932

July 1932: Nazis got 230 seats in Reichstag and Hitler demands for chancellor but was declined naming Hitler ‘jumped in corporal’

November 1932: Nazi falls to 196 seats and Schleicher convinces hindenburg to sack pappen and appoint him as chancellor

Dec 1932: Schleicher lacks support from Reichstag, von pappen convinces to make Hitler chancellor, believing they can control Hitler

Jan 1933: Hitler made chancellor

Who was Paul Hindenburg 1932-33

President of Germany

Who was von Schleicher

Army official who was influential over Hindenburg, became chancellor in November 1932 after betrayed pappen

Who was von pappen

Chancellor may 1932- November who was betrayed by Schleicher however convinces Hindenburg to make Hitler chancellor believing can control Hitler

How did Hitler establish a dictatorship by august 1934 - reichstag fire

Feb 27th 1933: Reichstag building destroyed by fire by communists, Hitler used it to prove t Hindenburg Germans were under attack by communists and persuaded Hindenburg to give him emergency powers to ban communist newspapers and put them in prison then seats rose to 281 due to ban on communists taking over 81 seats

How did Hitler establish dictatorship by august 134 ban on parties

Hitler didnt want to power share as believed coalition of government made Germany weak and by July 1933 all political parties banned so no other parties having influence over Nazis from public

How did Hitler establish dictatorship by august 1933- enabling act

MARCH 1933: tiler promised Germany strong government but unable to make changes as Reichstag still had control of laws.

Hitler then proposed enabling act which destroyed power of Reichstag and could now pass laws without being passed through Reichstag so could pass own laws to provide ‘stable goverment’ to gain support

How did Hitler establish dictatorship by august 1934- night of long knives

30 June 1934- Hitler believed SA only loyal to room so invited room and 100 SA to meeting that promised them power and when river they were arrested by SS and shot and von pappen, Schleicher murdered. He did this to act before anyone acted on him

What propogangda techniques did Nazis use

• newspapapers, radios, films imposed Nazi ideologies

• Anything oposing Nazi views banned/destroyed

• Posters of Nazi views displayed

• Rallies held to present what Nazis would bring to influence people

• Olympic Games 1936: used to promote Nazi ideas and sho them as well organised

What was the Nazi police state

Government uses police to control lives and Nazis used concentration caps, gestapo to do so

Who were the SS and their role

1919 run by henreich himmler, 1930s role was to be private police force and had 240,000 men , 1932 gave black uniforms, murdered SA officers in night of long knives

Role of gestapo

They were hitlers secret non-uniformed police force controlled by SS and role was to identify anyone opposing Nazis and would arts them or use torture They did this by spying on people like taping phones and were feared which meant it deterred people from opposition

Role of concentration camps

By 1939 150,000 were arrested so to cope with these numbers concentration camps introduced to house people that opposed Nazis, homosexuality, Jews. Fist one set up 1933 called Dachau

How did Hitler control legal system

-Hitler set up nationalist socialist league which insisted all judges had to support Nazi ideas and be members and if any refused they were denied membership.

• Hitler abolished trial by jury and handpicked juries and set up peoples court to hear trials of treason. From 1934-1939 534 people sentenced to death

How did Hitler control religious views- catholics

• catholics made up 1/3 of region which allegiance was to pope not Hitler, Hitler made agreement with pope to to interfere with catholic schools nd give them freedom of worship if priests didn’t interfere with politics and bishops swore loyalty. Hitler betrayed this and 1930s priests were arrested and schools closed

What changed Protestant churches

The reich church - all Protestant churches under Nazi control and made rules that Jews shouldn’t be baptised in there and Jewish teachings from Old Testament removed.

Opposition from Protestants

Not all Protestants supported Nazis Like Martin niemoller who set up pastors emergency league to campaign against Nazi actions. 1937 sent to concentration camp.

Youth opposition

All children had to join Hitler youth or league of German girls

• Hitler controlled everything which put young people off and rebelled as were angry that Nazis tried to control them so Swiss youth and edelweiss pirates set up as key anti-Nazi organisations.

Swiss youth

Group of young people that were anti-Nazi as liked wearing American close, American music and films. Made up from children from wealthy families which opposed Nazi culture

EDELWISS PIRATES

Anti-Nazi organisation of young children, mostly made up of boys from working class formed in late 1930s and went against Nazis litres and listened to banned music and books

Who was Dietrich Bonhoeffer

• taught at a pastor training college and influenced his trainees to question Nazi views on ‘Aryan race’

• 1935 he spoke out against persecution of Jews

• 1940 college was shut down and banned from teaching

Who was Hilda Kusserrow

• a pacifist who didn’t agree with violence and military service from nazis (gestapo)

• Refused to comply with Nazi reigme as refused to do Nazi salute

What was hitlers aims for economy

• reduce unemployment

• Rearment (build up army from treaty of versallies punishment)

• Autarky - to be self-sufficient and not rely on others. Did this by planting own food and using own resources

Who was hjalmar Schacht

Minister of economics 1934-37, started public work schemes like RAD 1933

Replaced by Hermann Goering 1937 as clashed with Hitler due to Hitler wanted to rearm Germany but schaut knew this went against treaty and would damage Germany

How did nazis reduce unemployment

• establishment of RAD

• Autobahns (motorways)

• Rearment

• Invisible unemployment

How did establishment of RAD reduce unemployment And what is it

It was a public work schemes that provided paid work for unemployed (making autobahns, repairing roads, planting trees)

From 1935 made compulsory for all young men to join for 6 months - 422000

It was temporary work and low pay so Hitler classed this as full time employment

Not popular as it was organised like an army - had to live in camps and wear uniform

How did establishment of autobahns reduce unemployment

Nazis planned a 7000 mile network to autobahns, may 1935 first one built

1935 due to this needed to employ more men to build motorways (125,000)

This led to quicker transportation for germanys goods so boosted sale of goods and provided more work

How did Rearment reduce unemployment

By 1935 Hitler announced alll young men had to serve period of time in armed forces and by 1939 there were 1.3bmil

Hitlers bigger forces need more equipment so spent 3.5 billlion marks on arms- created more employment in arms industry

1935 72,000 employed for aircraft constitution

Explain invisible unemployment and how it helped to reduced unemployment

Women and Jews forces out of work to make jobs for men and didnt show on unemployed figures - believed women’s jobs to be housewives

Put thousands in prisons/cocentration camps to make it look less people unemployed

Changed statistics - 1935 counted part time jobs (RAD) as fully employed

Why did Hitler want to appeal to workers

He needed them to gain support and withstand power - for autarky and rearmament

Evidence to say the standard of living improved for workers

• more people in work so more wages but had to work longer hours

• Higher wages but had to work longer hours

• Workers had food to eat but high prices so couldn’t spend money on luxuries

How di nazis get farmers, middle class and big business owners support

FARMERS: many in debt to bank so passed reich entailed farm law which protected farmers losing farms to bank

MIDDLE CLASS: nazis destroyed communist threat so they were greatful

BBIG BUSINESSS: no longer had to worry about troublesome trade unions as Hitler banned them

BIG BUSINESS OWNERS: no longer had to worry about troublesome trade unions

What did Hitler believe about trade unions

Believed they supported communist party and would disrupt economy so banned 1933. Because of this he set up DAF

What was the German Labou front (DAF)

HITLER set up up as he banned trade unions to appeal to workers - it protected rights of workers

THEIR 3 AIMS WERE;

• protect rights of workers

• Minimum pay levels

• Max working length per week

-

Why did DAF make workers life worse for some

1. Maximum working length increased 6 hours per week

2. Workers lost rights so couldn’t ask for improvements with pay or conditions

3. Nazis forced them to work longer hours rose from 43 hours per week in industrial industry to 47 1939

What was strength through joy (kDF)

Set up as banned on trade unions meant he neeeded to appeal to workers and improve lives

Purpose was to make workers see benefit of work and tat it can led to happy life

How did kDF improved benefits of work

1. Established a reward scheme for workers to encourage workers to work harder for economy by Provided leisure activities,sportsevents , attending theatres shows for workers - 1million leisure activities

Most loyal workers rewarded with discounted holidays and cheap

Disadvantages of kDF - worsened living standers for workers

• Some kDF holidays more expensive than others so most couldn’t afford and by 1936 only 25% workers been on a trip

• DAF Volkswagen scheme failed as no one received car

What is the volkswagen scheme

Set up by KF which encouraged workers to give 5 marks per week which would eventually give them a volkswagen

• ended 1928 as this money intended to be for factories to make cars but switched fo factories to produce arms so no one got car

What was the beauty of labour (sdA(

It campaigned to get workers better facilities BUt workers were expected to do building and designing themself with NO extra pay

and some employers threatened those who didnt join in

1938- 34,0000 companies claimed they had improved facilities

What belief caused the mistreatment of minorities

Hitler believed the Aryan race to be superior to others in which Hitler indocritinated people that they should only reproduce with aryans to keep race ‘pure’

• schools educated on racial hygiene

• Lebensborn programme set up race farms which Aryan men and women met to make families

Wat group of minorities did the nazis class as inferior

Jews, Slavs, gypsies, homosexuals, people with disabilities

Who were the Slavic people and what hostility did they experience regarding Hitler

• people who migrated from Eastern Europe - 1930s many migrated to Germany

• School lessons taught they were ‘UNTERMENSCHEN’ - SUB HUMANS - dehumanised them suggesting they should be treated differently

• Nazi threatened to invade Slavic countries for lebensraum

• Overall persecuted least

Who were the gypsies people and what hostility did they experience regarding Hitler

• Roma people who wer travellers - 26,000 in Germany 1930s

• Believed they didnt work enough and a threat to. Racial purity of Germany

• 1933-36; rested as social nuisances and sent to camps - camp in Berlin held 600

• 1938- banned from travelling in groups and when people traveled into Germany people were tested for racial hygiene characteristics and if failed they lost social rights

Who were the homosexuals and what hostility did they experience regarding Hitler

• persecuted as nazis believed they lowered traditional values and a threat to pure German race

• 1938 8000 men imprisoned

• Also sent to concentration camps in which 5000 died

• Nazis passed that encouraged castration of men if were homosexuals - genitles cut

Who were the disable and what hostility did they experience regarding Hitler

• believed to be a threat to racial purity and burden in society

• 1933 prevential of diseased offspring passed which made it compulsory for people to be sterilised if were disabled (blind, death etc)

What was the 1939 t4 programme

Ordered babies with disabilities to be killed by starvation or overdosage on drugs - 5000 killed

Why did Hitler despise Jewish people

• he used them as a scapegoat to blame them for their defeat in the firs world war and all of Germany’s economic problems such as tOV

When did persecution of Jews begin in Germany

In 1933 but gradually increased in which Hitler used propaganda and indocritination to justify his hostility towards Jews

• took control of education and propogangda presenting Jews as vermin and. Filth - threat to German purity race

What happened in 1933 regarding Jews

• march: boycott (avoidance) of Jewish businesses in which SA we’re sent to paint JUDE outside businesses and intimidated people who would go inside

• Banned from gov jobs and inheriting land