APES U7 - Food and Population

Douglas Walter AP Environmental Science Maine South High School

Exponential v Logistic v Linear Growth

Exponential - Increase rapidly infinitely

Logistic - Exponential but flattens out

Linear - Line

CBR

Crude Birth Rate - # live births per 1k people in the pop (per yr)

CDR

Crude Death Rate - # deaths per 1k people in pop per yr

TFR

Total Fertility Rate - Avg # of kids a woman will have

RLF

Replacement Level Fertility - # of kids a couple must have to replace themselves (2.1 developed, 2.5 undeveloped)

Factors that affect death rates

War, aging population, natural diseaster

Factors that affect birth rates

Cultural policies around having kids, gov’t tax breaks

TFR Factors

Women’s career opportunities

Basic Age Cohorts

Pre-Repro: 0-14
Repro: 14-50
Post-Repro: 50+

Types of Age Pyramids

Expanding: Bottom-heavy → High demand for jobs, unemployment

Stable: More even → Stable economy, balanced workforce

Declining: Top Heavy or fat in the middle/top → Aging pop, more healthcare

Density Dependent vs Independent

Dependent → Get stronger as pop increases, like disease spread. More people=bigger impact

Independent→Affect them regardless of size, like natural disasters

DTM Stages

Pre-Industrial: Harsh living conditions, high IMR, high CBR little pop growth

Transitional Stage (Ind. Begins): Food production rises, health care improves, high CBR so high pop growth, low CDR, highest pop growth

Industrial Stage: CBR drops, approaches death rate. Slow pop growth

Post Industrial Stage: Birth rate=death rate

Solutions to Slowing Pop Growth

Educating women, contraception

Solutions to overpopulation

Family planning, gov’t incentives, education for women

2 Stats to determine level of healthcare

Life expectancy, infant mortality rate

Reasons for increased urbanization

Job opportunities, better infrastructure, healthcare access

Reasons for urban sprawl

Cheaper land outside cities, car dependence, traffic

Economic pros and cons of urbanization

More jobs and economic growth

income inequality and high cost of living

Environmental effects of urbanization

Lower per person energy use, air and water pollution, urban heat island effect

Ways to make urbanization more sustainable

Public transportation, green infrastructure, renewable energy

Tools of Green Rev

GMO crops, chemical fertilizers (N, P, K), pesticides and herbicides, irrigation, monocropping

Economic impacts of industrialized ag

Higher yields, more efficiency, dependance on corporation

Env impacts of industrialized ag

biodiversity loss, soil degradation, water pollution, fish killed

How does farming lead to biodiversity loss?

Habitat destruction (forests cleared), pesticides and herbicides kill off insects, runoff

CAFO’s

Concentrated Animal feed…
Antibiotics and hormones, automated systems

Pros and Cons of CAFOs

More meat production and profits less land use
Large grain inputs, animal poop

Impacts of CAFOs

High GHG emissions, water pollution from manure, methane pollution

GMO pros and cons

Need less fertilizer and water, grow faster, higher yields

Lower nutrition, more pesticide resistant weeds, lower genetic diversity

Pros and Cons of Aquaculture

Low fuel use, reduces overfishing
Large waste, lots of land, vulnerable to disease

How can we farm more sustainably

Terracing, contour farming. Organic

Pop change equation

(B+I)-(D+E)

Rule of 70

Years to double = 70/%Growth rate