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Physics
The study of the interaction of matter, force, and energy.
Classical Physics
The branch of physics concerned with mechanics, heat, thermodynamics, optics, electricity, magnetism, and wave motion before 1900.
Mechanics
The area of physics focused on the relationships between force, matter, and motion among physical objects.
Heat and Thermodynamics
The study of the relations between heat, work, temperature, and energy.
Optics
The study of how light moves through different objects.
Electricity and Magnetism
The study of the relationship between electric currents and magnets.
Wave Motion and Sounds
The study of how energy moves through air or water in the form of vibrations and sound.
Modern Physics
The branch of physics that deals with concepts developed after 1900, including nuclear physics, relativity, and quantum mechanics.
Nuclear Physics
The study of the interactions of atomic nuclei and their constituents.
General Relativity
A theory describing gravity as a geometric product of space and time.
Special Relativity
A theory explaining how speed, mass, time, and space are interrelated.
Quantum Mechanics
The field of physics that explains the behavior of extremely small objects as having characteristics of both particles and waves.
Measurement
The process of comparing a quantity with a standard.
Metric System
A system of measurement based on meters, kilograms, and seconds (MKS) or centimeters, grams, and seconds (CGS).
English or Imperial System
A system of measurement based on feet, pounds, and seconds (FPS).
Fundamental Units
Units that are independent of one another, such as mass and length.
Derived Units
Units that are combinations of fundamental units, such as weight and density.
Scientific Notation
A method of expressing large and small numbers conveniently, e.g., 5,000,000,000 = 5.00 × 10^9.
Unit Conversion
The process of converting one unit of measurement to another.
Uncertainty
The degree of doubt in a measurement, expressed as a range of values.
Error
The deviation of a measured value from the true value.
Precision
The closeness of a measurement to other measurements.
Accuracy
The closeness of a measurement to the expected value of a physical quantity.
Random Error
Errors that arise from unpredictable changes during measurement.
Systematic Errors
Errors that arise from consistent inaccuracies in measurement tools or methods.
Percent Error
A calculation to express the error as a percentage of the true value.
Variance
A measure of how much values in a set differ from the mean.
Standard Deviation
A measure of the spread of measurements from the average.
Least Count
The smallest value that can be read from a measuring device.
Vector Quantity
A quantity that has both magnitude and direction.
Scalar Quantity
A quantity that has only magnitude.
Resultant Vector
The vector sum of two or more vectors.
Commutative Property
The property that allows the order of addition of vectors to be changed without affecting the result.
Associative Property
The property that allows the grouping of vectors to be changed without affecting the result.
Parallelogram Method
A graphical method for finding the resultant of two vectors.
Head-to-Tail Method
A graphical method for adding three or more vectors.
Kinematics
The study of motion in terms of displacement, velocity, and acceleration.
Dynamics
The study of the relationship between force and motion.
Distance
The total length of the path traveled by an object.
Displacement
The change in position of an object relative to its starting point.
Speed
The rate of change of distance.
Velocity
The rate of change of displacement.
Average Speed
Total distance traveled divided by total time elapsed.
Instantaneous Speed
The speed of an object at a specific moment in time.
Average Velocity
Displacement divided by total time elapsed.
Instantaneous Velocity
The velocity of an object at a specific point in time.
Acceleration
The rate of change of velocity.
Free Fall
The motion of an object under the influence of gravity alone.
Terminal Velocity
The constant speed reached by an object when the force of gravity is balanced by air resistance.
Projectile Motion
The motion of an object that is thrown or projected into the air, subject only to the force of gravity.
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