ch 11 vocab

war of 1812

war of 1812

Fought between Britain and the United States largely over the issues of trade and impressment. Though the war ended in a relative draw, it demonstrated America's willingness to defend its interests militarily, earning the young nation newfound respect from European powers.

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battle of new orleans

Resounding victory of American forces against the British, restoring American confidence and fueling an outpouring of nationalism. Final battle of the War of 1812.

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congress of vienna

Convention of major European powers to redraw the boundaries of continental Europe after the defeat of Napoleonic France.

treaty of ghent

Ended the War of 1812 in a virtual draw, restoring prewar borders but failing to address any of the grievances that first brought America into the war.

hartford convention

Convention of Federalists from five New England states who opposed the War of 1812 and resented the strength of Southern and Western interests in Congress and in the White House.

rush-bagot agreement

Signed by Britain and the United States, it established strict limits on naval armaments in the Great Lakes, a first stop in the full demilitalization of the U.S.-Canadian border, completed in the 1870's

tariff of 1816

First protective tariff in American history, created primarily to shield New England manufacturers from the inflow of British goods after the War of 1812.

american system

Henry Clay's three-pronged system to promote American industry. Clay advocated a strong banking system, a protective tariff, and a federally funded transportation network.

era of good feeling

Popular name for the period of one-party, Republican, rule during James Monroe's presidency. The term obscures bitter conflicts over internal improvements, slavery, and the national bank.

panic of 1819

Severe financial crisis brought on primarily by the effort of the Bank of the United States to curb over-speculation on western lands. It disproportionately affected the poorer classes, especially in the West, sowing the seeds of Jacksonian Democracy.

land act of 1820

Fueled the settlement of the Northwest and Missouri territories by lowering the price of public land. Also prohibited the purchase of federal acreage on credit, thereby eliminating one of the causes of the Panic of 1819.

tallmadge amendment

Failed proposal to prohibit the importation of slaves into Missouri territory and pave he way for gradual emancipation. Southerners vehemently opposed the amendment, which they perceived as a threat to the sectional balance between North and South.

peculiar institution

Widely used term for the institution of American slavery in the South. Its use in the first half of the 19th century reflected a growing division between the North, where slavery was gradually abolished, and the South, where slavery became increasingly entrenched.

missouri compromise

Allowed Missouri to enter as a slave state but preserved the balance between North and South by carving free-soil Maine out of Massachusets and prohibiting slavery from territories acquired in the Louisiana Purchase, north of the line of 36 degrees, 30'.

McCulloch vs maryland

Supreme Court case that strengthened federal authority and upheld the constitutionality of the Bank of the United States by establishing that the State of Maryland did not have power to tax the bank

loose construction

Legal doctrine which holds that the federal government can use powers not specifically granted or prohibited in the Constitution to carry out its constitutionally mandated responsibilities.

cohens vs virginia

Case that reinforced federal supremacy by establishing the right of the Supreme Court to review decisions of state supreme courts in questions of involving the powers of the federal government.

gibbons vs ogden

Suit over whether New York State could grant a monopoly to a ferry operating on interstate waters. The ruling reasserted that Congress had the cole power to regulate interstate commerce.

fletcher vs peck

Established firmer protection for private property and asserted the right of the Supreme Court to invalidate state laws in conflict with the federal Constitution.

dartmouth college vs woodward

Supreme Court case that sustained Dartmouth University's original charter against changes proposed by the New Hampshire state legislature, thereby protecting corporations from domination by state governments.

anglo-american convention

Signed by Britain and the United States, the pact allowed New England fishermen access Newfoundland fisheries, established the northern border of the Louisiana territory and provided for the joint occupation of the Oregon Country for ten years.

adams onis treaty

Under the agreement, Spain ceded Florida to the United States, which, in exchange, abandoned its claims to Texas.

monroe doctrine

Statement delivered by President James Monroe, warning European powers to refrain from seeking any new territories in the Americas. The United States largely lacked the power to back up the pronouncement, which was actually enforced by the British, who sought unfettered access to Latin American markets.

russo-american treaty

Fixed the line of 54 degrees, 40' as the southernmost boundary of Russia holdings in North America.