Chapter 11 - The Age of Reformation

Switzerland

________ was a loose confederation comprising thirteen independent cantons, or states, and their surrounding territory.

Luther

________ first sympathized with the peasants, criticizing the princes 'oppression and pushing them to heed the peasants 'fair requests.

Zwingli

________ oversaw the Swiss Reformation from his new position as people's priest in Zurich.

Pope Sixtus IV

________ (r. 1471- 1484) granted indulgences for the unrepented sins of all Christians in purgatory in 1476.

Purgatory

________ is reserved for those who have failed to perform their penances or have not repented of their crimes.

Indulgences

________ were initially granted to Crusaders who were unable to finish their penances due to illness.

pope

The ________ was frequently represented as the Antichrist or the devil in Reformation propaganda.

Ulrich Zwingli

________ (1484- 1531), the pioneer of the Swiss Reformation, was a humanist.

Karsthans

________ (Hans with a hoe), the burly, hardworking peasant who earned his food by the sweat of his brow, became a symbol of the honest existence God desired for all people, according to Lutheran pamphleteers.

temporal punishment

An indulgence was a reduction of the ________ imposed on penitents as a "work of satisfaction "for their admitted deadly sins by priests.

Pope Clement VI

________ (r. 1342- 1352) declared in 1343 the existence of a "treasury of merit, "a limitless reservoir of good acts in the property of the church that might be dispersed at the pope's discretion.

free hands of theologians

The Reformation went from the ________ and pamphleteers to the firmer hands of magistrates and rulers in the late 1520s and 1530s.

elector of Saxony

The ________ and the prince of Hesse, the two most prominent Protestant monarchs in Germany, were instrumental in politicizing religious reform inside their respective kingdoms.

Zwingli

________ was likewise well- known by 1518 for his resistance to the sale of indulgences and religious superstition.