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What is a hydrocarbon?
Molecules made of carbon and hydrogen only
What is a homologous series?
They have the same general formula, similar chemical properties, show a gradation in physical properties and differ by a ‘CH2’ unit
What is the general formula of the alkane series?
CnH2n+2
What is crude oil?
A fossil fuel formed from the remains of animals from ages ago x
What happens during the fractional distillation of crude oil?
-Heated crude oil enters a tall fractioning column which is hot at the bottom and cooler at the top
-Vapours from the oil rise through the column
-Each fraction condenses when it becomes cool enough, each at a different point in the column
-The pipe leads each fraction away
What is cracking?
It is the breakdown of larger saturated hydrocarbons into smaller more useful ones
How can thermal decomposition be carried out?
By heating- known as thermal decomposition
What is the general formula of alkenes?
CnH2n
What is the functional group of alkenes?
C=C
How do you test for saturation?
Test with bromine water - distinguishes between alkanes and alkenes
What is addition polymerisation?
The adding of alkenes onto themselves
What is the general formula for alcohols?
CnH2n+1OH
What is the functional group of the alcohols?
OH
What is the general formula for carboxylic acids?
Cn-1H2n-1COOH
What is the functional group of carboxylic acids?
COOH
What is the products when a carboxylic acid reacts with a metal?
salt + hydrogen
e.g Ethanoic acid + magnesium → magnesium ethanoate + hydrogen
What is the symbol equation for the reaction of ethanoic acid and magnesium?
2CH2COOH + Mg → (CH3COO)2Mg + H2
What are the observations for the reaction between ethanoic acid and magnesium?
bubbles, heat released, solid disappears, colourless solution forms
What is the products when a carboxylic acid reacts with a metal carbonate?
salt + water + carbon dioxide
e.g Methanoic acid + copper carbonate →copper methanoate + water + carbon dioxide
What is the symbol equation for the reaction of methanoic acid and copper carbonate?
2HCOOH + CuCO3 → (HCOO)2Cu + H2O + CO2
What are the observations for the reaction between methanoic acid and copper carbonate?
Green solid disappears, bubbles, heat released, blue solution formed
What is the products when a carboxylic acid reacts with a base?
Salt + water
e.g propanoic acid + sodium hydroxide → sodium propanoate + water
What is the symbol equation for the reaction of propanoic acid and sodium hydroxide?
CH3CH2COOH + NaOH → C2H5COONa + H2O
What are the observations for the reaction between propanoic acid and sodium hydroxide?
heat released, colourless solution remains
Note 
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