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Ecclesia
The main democratic institution in ancient Athens where all male citizens over 18 participated in decision-making.
Archons
High-ranking officials in Athenian government, initially from noble families, later selected by lot to promote democracy.
Dikasteria
Athenian courts where citizens served as jurors, embodying direct justice through large juries.
Democracy
A system where citizens vote directly on laws and policies, as seen in ancient Athens.
Republic
A government emphasizing minority rights through laws and a constitution, exemplified by the Roman Republic and modern U.S.
Consuls
Two elected leaders in ancient Rome who served as executive heads of government with limited terms.
Senate
An advisory body in Rome made up of aristocrats that gained influence over time, controlling finances and foreign policy.
Autocracy
A government ruled by a single individual with absolute power, such as a monarchy or dictatorship.
Oligarchy
A government controlled by a small elite group, often based on wealth or military power.
Patricians
The aristocratic class in ancient Rome that held most political power early in the Republic.
Plebeians
The common people of Rome who fought for greater rights and representation over time.
Mob Rule
The feared outcome of direct democracy where decisions are made based on emotion rather than reason.
Athenian Democracy
The decline of Athenian democracy due to external threats and internal strife, leading to its fall.
Roman Republic
The collapse of the Roman Republic due to political corruption, economic inequality, and military conflicts.
Aristotle
A philosopher advocating for a constitutional government and warning against extreme democracy and tyranny.
Thomas Hobbes
Philosopher who described the state of nature as brutal and advocated for a strong ruler through a social contract.
John Locke
Philosopher who believed in natural rights and the government's role in protecting them, influencing the Declaration of Independence.
Common Law
A legal system based on court decisions and precedents rather than written statutes, evolving in medieval England.
Magna Carta
A 1215 document establishing that the king is subject to the law, influencing modern democratic principles.
Glorious Revolution
The 1688 bloodless overthrow of King James II, which limited monarchy powers and strengthened Parliament.
English Bill of Rights
A 1689 document that established parliamentary supremacy and protections for citizens.
Virginia House of Burgesses
The first elected legislative body in the American colonies, marking the beginning of representative government.
Proclamation of 1763
A British decree forbidding colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains to prevent conflicts with Native Americans.
Sugar Act
A 1764 tax on sugar and molasses that sparked colonial resistance due to lack of representation in Parliament.
Stamp Act
A 1765 direct tax requiring a stamp on printed materials, leading to widespread protests and the Stamp Act Congress.
Committees of Correspondence
Shadow governments formed by patriots to coordinate resistance and foster colonial identity.
2nd Continental Congress
The governing body during the Revolutionary War that appointed George Washington and declared independence.
Townshend Acts
1767 laws imposing duties on imported goods, provoking anger over taxation without representation.
Intolerable Acts
1774 punitive laws that united the colonies in opposition to British control following the Boston Tea Party.
Olive Branch Petition
A 1775 attempt by the colonies to avoid war by affirming loyalty to the crown and seeking resolution.
Common Sense
A 1776 pamphlet by Thomas Paine advocating for American independence and criticizing monarchy.
Declaration of Independence
A 1776 document outlining the colonies' reasons for separation from Britain, influenced by Locke's philosophy.
Unalienable Rights
Rights inherent to all individuals, including life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness, as stated in the Declaration.
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