Unit 7 AP Psych Test

Emotion

A response of the whole organism, involves

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1) Psychological arousal (heart racing)

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2) Expressive behaviors (walking faster)

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3) Consciously experienced thoughts and feelings (What happened? Did my kid get kidnapped?)

James-Lange Theory of emotion

Physiological reaction, and then emotion

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Ex: I’m crying, so now I’m sad

Cannon-Bard Theory of emotion

A physiological reaction and emotion occur at the same time

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EX: I’m crying and I am sad

Two Factor Theory (Schachter-Singer Theory)

A physiological reaction occurs, a cognitive label is assigned to the physiological label, and then there’s emotion

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Ex: I am crying because I realized the Vikings lost, so now I am sad

Zajonc & LeDouz

Some responses happen instantly without the time for cognitive label to be assigned (usually sudden)

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Ex: Tree falls in the woods, scares you before you can process

Lazarus Theory of emotion

We cognitively label things as harmless or dangerous

Polygraph machines

measure autonomic nervous system, heart rate, breathing rate, to see if lie is being told. Not totally accurate.

Paul Ekman

Theorized that basic human emotions (happiness, sadness, anger, fear, surprise, disgust, and contempt) are shared by all people regardless of culture

Facial Feedback Hypothesis

A persons’ emotional experiences are influenced by their facial expressions

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs (in order, Bottom to Top

1) Physiological needs (food, water, warmth, rest)

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2) Safety

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3) Belongingness and love needs (friendships, relationships)

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4) Esteem needs (Prestige and feelings of accomplishment)

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5) Self-actualization (achieving one’s full potential)

Instinct

A complex behavior that Is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned (motivated by genetics)

Incentive

A positive or negative stimulus that influences behavior

Homeostasis

The tendency to maintain a balanced internal state (a set point)

Drive Reduction Theory

The idea that the body creates an aroused state (drive) that motivates humans to satisfy

Yerk’s-Dodson Law of Optimum Arousal

Performance increases with arousal up to a point, where performance decreases

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Ex: You’re hyped for the test so you study to do well. But if ur too hyped you get test anxiety and bomb the test

Self-Actualization

achieving one’s full potential

Hunger Pangs

Stomach contractions alerting us we’re hungry

Glucose

Essential sugar needed for bodily functions. When levels are low, we feel hunger

Washburn Balloon Study

Washburn swallowed a balloon and inflated it, found out we have stomach contractions when we are hungry

Set Point

A point that thee body likes to maintain and keep set point

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Why some people find it hard to lose weight. initially lose a lot, but their set point makes it harder to lose more

Basal metabolic Rate

The Body’s resting rate of energy expenditure

Lateral Hypothalamus

Brings on the hunger (makes us feel hunger)

Ventromedial hypothalamus

Depresses feelings of hunger.

Ghrelin

empty stomach Hormone

Orexin

Hunger triggering hormone

Master’s and Johnson Study

Observed people masturbate and have sex, observed and found the sexual response cycle

Sexual Response Cycle

Four stages of sexual responding (EPOR)

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1) Excitement

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2) Plateau

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3) Orgasm

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4) Resolution

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Males have a refractory period after orgasm

Excitement

Genitals engorged with blood

Plateau

Excitement peaks as breathing, pulse, and blood pressure increase

Orgasm

Helps facilitate reproduction

Resolution

Gradually return to normal state

Estrogen

Sex hormone mainly found in females. Levels peak during Ovulation

Testosterone

Most important Male sex hormone. Both have it, but more in males stimulates growth of male sex organs in fetus and development during puberty

Asexual

Sexual orientation where there is no sexual attraction with any gender

Sternburg’s Theory of love (types)

Liking (Intimacy alone)

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Companionate love (intimacy + commitment)

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Empty Love (commitment alone)

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Fatuous Love (passion + commitment)

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Infatuation (passion alone)

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Romantic love (intimacy + passion)

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Consummate love (intimacy + passion + commitment)

Stress

The process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging

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How we perceive events

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A little is good, but too much is bad

General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

Developed by Hans Selye

Body reacts in 3 phases

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1) Alarm Reaction

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2) Resistance (or coping)

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3) Exhaustion

Alarm Reaction

Sympathetic nervous system activates body (inc. heart rate, muscle activation)

Resistance (or coping)

Body increases blood pressure, breathing and pumping hormones

Exhaustion

Body resources become depleted trying to cope, prone to illness and mental breakdowns, etc.

3 Types of Stressful events

Catastrophes → Unpredictable, large scale events

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Significant Life changes → Changes in daily life or interactions

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Daily Hassles → Everyday stressors

Coronary heart Disease

Clogging of vessels that nourish the heart muscle

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Leading cause of death in North America

Type A people

competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, anger-prone

Type B people

People who are easy going and relaxed

Friedman and Rosenman Study

Found that type A personalities have much more heart attacks than type B

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Due to Type A’s having more strain on hear and redirects fat deposits into heart

Psychophysiological Illness (psychosomatic)

“Mind-body” A stress related to physical illness, such as hypertension and headaches

Catharsis

Releasing aggressive energy to relieve feelings or urges (fantasy or action)

Tend and Befriend réponse

under stress, people (usually women) provide support to others and bond with and seek support from others

Feel-good, do-good phenomenon

People’s tendency to be helpful when in good mood

Intrinsic motivation

Desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake (more prosperous)

Extrinsic motivation

Desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid punishments

Personality

Individual’s characteristic pattern or thinking, feeling, and acting

Unconscious (according to Freud)

A reservoir of unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories

Id

Strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. Operates on the measure principle, demands immediate gratification (devil)

Superego

Represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment and for future aspirations (Angel)

Ego

Conscious part of personality that balances Id and superego.

Satisfies Id’s desires in realistic way while upholding values of the superego

Oedipus Complex

Theory that boys have sexual desires to their mothers and feel jealousy or hatred of rival fathers

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(same thing but reverse for Electra complex)

Fixation

Lingering focus on pleasure-seeking at an earlier psychosexual stage, where conflicts are unresolved

Sigmund Freud’s Psychosexual Stages

Oral (pleasure centers on the mouth)

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Anal (pleasure centers on bowl and bladder)

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Phallic (pleasure zone is the genitals and coping with incestuous sexual feelings)

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Latency (dormant sexual feelings)

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Genital (Natural sexual interests)

Defense Mechanisms

Repression

Regression

DenialProjection

Reaction Formation

Displacement

Rationalization

Repression

Banishes anxiety inducing thoughts and memories from the conscious mind

Regression

Retreating to more infantile psychosexual stage (throwing a tantrum)

Denial

Refusing to believe or even perceive painful realities

Projection

Disgusting own threatening impulses by attributing to others

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“everyone else is doing it”

Reaction formation

Switching unacceptable impulses into opposites

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“Fake b\*\*\*\*\* on social media”

Displacement

Shifting aggressive impulses to less threatening object or person

Rationalization

Offering self0justifying explanations in place of real, more threatening unconscious reactions for one’s actions

Carl Jung

Collective unconscious

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Idea that humans hare and inherited reservoir of memory traces from out species

Alfred Adler

more emphasis put on inferiority

Karen Horney

more emphasis put on Anxiety

Projective Tests

Personality tests that project or expose an indivisual’s unconscious thinking or feelings

Rorschach’s Ink blot

Random blots of ink where a psychoanalyst asks patients what it is

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uncovers unconscious mind

Unconditional positive regard

Attitude of total acceptance towards another person

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Accepting failures and faults

Carl Rogers

Humanist, agreed with Maslow with regards to self actualization, unless thwarted by environment that inhibits growth

Personality inventory

A questionnaire on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings or behaviors

Myres-Briggs Personality Inventory

Widely accepted personality test that analyzes multiple personality traits, tries to get whole you

Minnesota Multiphase Personality Inventory (MMPI)

Most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. Originally developed to identify emotional disorders (still used)

Big 5 personality factors

CANOE

Conscientiousness

Agreeableness

Neuroticism

Openness

Extraversion

Conscientiousness

High score: Hardworking, dependable

Low score: Impulsive, careless

Agreeableness

High Score: Helpful, trusting

Low Score: Critical, uncooperative,

Neuroticism

High Score: Anxious, unhappy

Low Score: Calm, even-tempered

Openness

High score: Curious, independent

Low score: Practical, conventional

Extroversion

High Score: Outgoing, warm

Low Score: Quiet, reserved

Social-Cognitive Perspective

Viewed behavior as influenced by the interaction between people’s traits and social context

Reciprocal Determinism

Interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment

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Ex: Children’s TV viewing habits (past behavior) influence their preference (internal factor), which influence how TV (environmental factor) affects their current behavior?

Personal Control

Extent to which people perceive control over their environment rather than feeling helpless

Internal Locus of control

Perception that you control your own fate

External locus of control

Perception that chance or outside of beyond your personal control determine your fate

Learned Helplessness

Hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avows aversive events

Spotlight effect

overestimating others’ noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders

Self serving bias

Readiness to perceive oneself favorably.