Psych of Self ~ Exam

Self-Regulation

The process through which the self modifies, alters, or changes itself or its responses.

Goal-directed behaviour

Behaviour focused on achieving specific objectives or outcomes.

Executive functioning

Cognitive processes needed to focus attention, formulate goals, and plan and carry out tasks.

Cognitive processes

Mental processes involved in knowledge acquisition, comprehension, and decision-making.

Inhibition

The ability to restrain or suppress responses.

Working memory

A system for temporarily holding and processing information.

Task switching

The ability to shift attention between different tasks.

Self-control

Conscious, intentional attempts to control behavior.

Self-regulation in childhood

The ability to comply with requests and modify activities based on social context.

Socialization

The process through which individuals learn and internalize the values and norms of their society.

Neurophysiological modulation

Control of physiological states to respond to environmental stimuli.

Sensorimotor modulation

The ability to engage in voluntary motor actions in response to events.

Compliance

The act of conforming to requests or demands.

Symbolic functioning

The ability to represent objects and events with symbols, such as language.

Delayed gratification

The ability to postpone immediate rewards for larger, long-term rewards.

Cognitive control

The management of thought processes to achieve desired outcomes.

Control Theory model of self-regulation

A framework explaining how individuals achieve their goals via feedback loops.

Internal Working Models (IWMs)

Mental representations that influence how individuals interact with their environment and relationships.

Self-conscious emotions

Emotions that require self-awareness, such as shame and guilt.

Basic emotions

Emotions that are universally recognized and biologically based, like joy and anger.

Cultural values

Beliefs and practices that are widely shared within a culture.

Power distance

Acceptance of unequal distributions of power within a culture.

Masculinity vs. femininity

The cultural values associated with success and achievement versus caring and nurturing.

Individualism vs. collectivism

The focus on individual achievement versus group cohesiveness.

Inclusion of other in the self

The incorporation of close others into one's self-concept.

Attachment Behavioral System

A network of behaviors in infants aimed at maintaining proximity to caregivers for safety.

Secure attachment

A strong emotional bond characterized by trust and security.

Insecure attachment styles

Patterns of attachment leading to anxiety and difficulty in relationships.

Self-expansion model

The theory that relationships enrich self-concept by incorporating partners into the self.

Social Identity Approach

A framework explaining how group membership influences self-concept and behaviors.

Identity crisis

A period of uncertainty and confusion in which a person struggles to find their sense of self.

Erikson's stages of psychosocial development

A theory proposing eight stages through which a healthy developing individual passes.

Reflected appraisal

The process through which a person perceives how others view them.

Identity foreclosure

Premature commitment to an identity without exploring other options.

Identity diffusion

Lack of direction or commitment to an identity.

Narrative Identity

The internalized and evolving story of one's life that shapes self-concept.

Cognitive interdependence

A shared sense of self between committed partners in a relationship.

Collaboration and cooperation in relationships

Working together in relationships to promote well-being and mutual support.

Psychological well-being

A state of mental health that includes self-acceptance, purpose, and positive relationships.

Positive illusions

Unrealistically favorable views of oneself that may enhance well-being but can also have costs.

Knowing oneself

Understanding one's values, beliefs, and feelings as part of identity construction.

Validation of self

The process by which one's self-concept is affirmed through feedback from others.

Adjustment

The process of adapting to changes or challenges in life.

Perfectionism

The tendency to hold unrealistically high standards for oneself.

Dissociative Identity Disorder

A psychological disorder characterized by the presence of two or more distinct personality states.

Social comparison

Evaluating oneself in relation to others to derive self-worth.

Self-esteem

An individual's overall subjective emotional evaluation of their own worth.

Life stages of identity development

Various periods in human life characterized by specific identity-related challenges.

Cultural adaptation in children

The process by which children learn to internalize cultural norms about the self.

Cultural divergence

Differences in self-concept that arise from varying cultural backgrounds.

Ethnic identity development

The process of recognizing and integrating one's ethnic background into their self-concept.

Cultural identity

An aspect of identity shaped by cultural influences and group membership.

Emotional regulation

The ability to manage and respond to one's emotional experiences.

Autobiographical memory

Memory of events and experiences that shaped one's identity over time.

Intimacy in relationships

The closeness and connectedness experienced between individuals.

Self-disclosure

The act of revealing personal information about oneself to others.

Social roles

Expectations about how an individual should behave in particular situations.

Cognitive conflict

Discrepancy between thoughts that leads to discomfort or confusion.

Resilience

The ability to adapt and recover from stress or adversity.

Social support

Emotional and practical assistance provided by others.

Life satisfaction

An overall assessment of the quality and satisfaction of one's life.

Ego identity

The sense of self derived from a coherent sense of personal history.

Behavioral intentions

Predisposition to act in a certain way in response to a particular situation.

Self-motives

The intrinsic drives that influence self-regulation and emotional responses.

Discrepancy theory

The idea that discrepancies between self-concept and self-guides motivate emotional responses.

Self-guides

Mental representations of the person one aspires to be or feels they should be.

Transitional objects

Items used by children to provide comfort during separation from caregivers.

Cognitive appraisal

The process of evaluating a situation to determine its significance for oneself.

Boundary setting in relationships

Establishing limits on interactions to maintain personal well-being.

Role confusion

The inability to determine one's identity in the context of social roles and responsibilities.

Psychosocial moratorium

A period for exploration and experimentation of identity without societal pressure.

Peer recognition

Acknowledgment and acceptance of an individual's identity by their peer group.

Social comparisons in adolescence

Evaluating oneself against peers during the developmental stage of identity formation.

Collective identity

A shared identity based on membership within a social group.

Emotional intelligence

The capacity to recognize and manage one's own emotions and the emotions of others.

Interpersonal adjustment

The ability to navigate social relationships effectively.

Dependency in relationships

Reliance on others for emotional support and validation.

Altruism

The selfless concern for the well-being of others.

Self-acceptance

Recognition and acceptance of one's perceived strengths and weaknesses.

Existential identity

Understanding one's place and purpose in the broader context of life.