Anatomy Test (Chapter 1, 2, and 3)

Microscopic Anatomy

Studies the structures that cannot be seen with the naked eye, such as cells.

Macroscopic (Gross) Anatomy

Studies the structure visible to the naked eye, such as organs like the stomach and heart.

Embryological Anatomy

Study of the fetus and its development in the womb.

Developmental Anatomy

Study of changes post-birth, including aging processes.

Pathological Anatomy

Study of structural changes due to diseases.

Radiographic Anatomy

Study using imaging techniques like X-rays and MRIs.

Surface Anatomy

Study of the external features of the body and their relation to deeper structures.

Integumentary System

Protection, vitamin D production, sensory reception

Skeletal System

Production, support, blood cell formation, mineral storage

Muscular System

Movement, posture, heat generation

Nervous System

Information processing, response stimuli

Endocrine System (Glands)

Regulation of growth, metabolism, reproduction

Cardiovascular System

Transport of oxygen, nutrients, and waste

Lymphatic System (Immune System)

Fluid balance, immune response

Respiratory System

Gas exchange (oxygen in, carbon dioxide out)

Digestive System

Food processing, nutrient absorption

Urinary System

Waste elimination, water balance

Reproductive System

Production of sex cells, offspring production

Superior

Above (face front, head)

Inferior

Below (feet)

Medial

Middle (heart)

Lateral

Farther from the middle (right or left)

Anterior

Front (chest)

Posterior

Back

Proximal

Closer to the center (near the chest or middle)

Distal

Father from the middle (feet or hand)

Cranial

Brain (in the skull)

Vertebral

Spinal Cord (Spine)

Thoracic

Heart, lungs (Chest area)

Abdominal

Digestive organs (Abdominal area, below chest above pelvic in between both)

Pelvic

Reproductive organs (Pelvic area)

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Protein synthesis, studded with ribosomes

Soft Endoplasmic Reticulum

Lipid synthesis, drug, and alcohol metabolism

Ribosomes

Protein synthesis, made of RNA and proteins

Golgi Apparatus

Modifies, packages, and ships protein

Mitochondria

Energy production (ATP), double membrane

Lysosomes

Breakdown of nutrients and foreign particles

Peroxisomes

Detoxification and speeding up chemical reaction

Centrosomes

Important for cell division

Cytoskeleton

Provides strength and flexibility to the cell

Nucleus

Houses genetic material (DNA)

Epithelial

Characteristics: Cells are closely packed with minimal extracellular (cellularity: tightly packed, polarity: basal (attached) and apical (free) surface, attachment: anchored to connective tissue basal lamina, avascularity: lacks direct blood, nutrients obtained through diffusion, arrangement: organized in layers, regeneration: high capacity for regeneration and repair)

Location: Skin, lines body cavities, makes up glands

Simple Squamous Epithelium

Found in blood vessels and alveoli; facilitates diffusion and minimizes friction.

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

Found in skin and mucous membranes; provides protection against abrasion

Simple

A single layer of cells

Stratified

Multiple layers of cells

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

Found in glands and kidney tubules; functions in secretion and absorption

Simple Columnar Epithelum

Found in the digestive tract; involved in secretion and absorption

Stratified Columnar Epithelium

Rare; found in male urethra and some glands; functions in protection and secretion

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

Appears stratified but is a single layer; found in the respiratory tract, functions in secretion and movement

Transitional Epithelium

Found in the urinary bladder; allows for stretching and distension

Connective Tissue

Characteristics: Composed of various cell types and a significant amount of extracellular matrix, including protein fibers and ground substance (matrix).

Areolar Connective Tissue

Function: Connects various parts; strength, resistance to pulling

Location: Tendons, ligaments

Adipose Connective Tissue

Function: Connects various parts; strength, resistance to pulling

Location: Tendons, ligaments

Hyaline Connective Tissue

Function: Connects various parts; strength, resistance to pulling

Location: Tendons, ligaments

Elastic Cartilage Connective Tissue

Function: Support, structure, and flexibility

Location: Joints, ear, nose

Fibrocartilage Connective Tissue

Function: Support, structure, and flexibility

Location: Joints, ear, nose

Compact Bone Connective Tissue

Function: Support, structure, flexibility, protection, and storage

Location: Skeleton

Blood Connective Tissue

Function: Transport and immune response

Location: Circulatory System

Skeletal Muscle

Voluntary, striated, multinucleated, attached to bones

Function: Movement

Location: Attached to bones

Cardiac Muscular

Involuntary, striated, branched, found in the heart

Function: Pumping blood

Location: Heart

Smooth Muscle

Involuntary, non-striated, spindle-shaped, found in walls of organs

Function: Movement of substances through organs

Location: Walls of hollow organs

Neurons Nervous Tissue

Function: Transmit signals throughout the body

Glial Cells Nervous Tissue

Function: Support and protect neurons