Cell Biology Chapter 9 Notes

Chapter 9 covers how genes and genomes evolve

Mutation:

A randomly produced, permanent change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA

Mutations within a gene:

An existing gene can be modified by a mutation that changes, deletes, ,or duplicates one or more nucleotides within the DNA

Point mutation:

A mutation that changes a single or few nucleotide pairs; typically arise from mistakes that occurs during DNA replication and repair

Base substitution:

When a different nucleotide is put in the place of what should be the correct/original one

Frameshift mutation:

Addition or deletion of a single base

Neutral mutation:

A mutation that has little or no impact on protein function

Silent mutation:

Has no effect on the amino acid sequence because the new codon still translates into the same amino acid

Missense mutation:

Codes for an amino acid, but translates into a different amino acid (changes a single amino acid)

Nonsense mutation:

A base substitution that changes an amino acid codon into a stop codon