Humanities

colonialism

the practice of a country taking direct control over another land and its people, often by settling there and exploiting its resources.

imperialism

a policy or ideology in which a powerful nation extends its influence over other regions through political, economic, or military means.

scramble for africa

the rapid invasion, occupation, and division of africa by european powers during the late 19th century.

berlin conferencec

a meeting held in 1884–1885 where european nations established rules for colonizing africa without african participation.

general act of the conference

the official agreement from the berlin conference that set guidelines for trade, navigation, and territorial claims in africa.

new imperialism

the period of intensified imperial expansion in the late 19th and early 20th centuries driven by industrialization, economic competition, and nationalism.

principle of effective occupation

a rule stating that a european power could claim african territory only if it had established actual control there.

sphere of influence

an area where a foreign power holds economic or political control without formal colonization.