AP Psychology -- 5.4: Health Part 2, Knowt

Personality disorders

A group of disorders characterized by enduring inner experiences or behavior patterns that differ from someone’s cultural norms and expectations, are pervasive and inflexible, begin in adolescence or early adulthood, are stable over time, and cause distress or impairment.

Antisocial personality disorder

A personality disorder in which a person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members; may be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist.

Avoidant personality disorder

A personality disorder characterized by excessive social anxiety, fear of intimacy, severe feelings of inadequacy and inferiority, and an overreliance on avoidance of feared stimuli.

Borderline personality disorder

A personality disorder characterized by significant interpersonal relationship instability, a distorted sense of self, and intense emotional responses.

Cluster A

Personality disorders marked by unusual behavior that can lead to social problems (the 'odd/eccentric' cluster).

Cluster B

Personality disorders that involve unpredictable, dramatic, or intensely emotional responses (the 'dramatic/emotional/impulsive' cluster).

Cluster C

Personality disorders marked by intense anxiety and fear (the 'anxious/fearful' cluster).

Dependent personality disorder

A personality disorder characterized by pervasive psychological dependence on other people.

Histrionic personality disorder

A personality disorder characterized by excessive attention-seeking behaviors, inappropriate seduction, and an excessive desire for approval.

Narcissistic personality disorder

A personality disorder characterized by exaggerated feelings of self-importance, excessive need for admiration, and a diminished ability to empathize.

Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

A personality disorder marked by obsessions with rules, lists, schedules, and order.

Paranoid personality disorder

A mental disorder characterized by paranoia and a long-standing suspiciousness and mistrust of others.

Schizoid personality disorder

A personality disorder characterized by lack of interest in social relationships and emotional coldness.

Schizotypal personality disorder

A personality disorder characterized by thought disorder, paranoia, and unconventional beliefs.

Anxiety disorders

A group of disorders characterized by excessive fear and anxiety and related maladaptive behaviors.

Acrophobia

Extreme or irrational fear of heights.

Agoraphobia

Fear or avoidance of situations where one may experience a loss of control and panic.

Arachnophobia

Extreme or irrational fear of spiders.

Ataque de nervios

Characterized by symptoms such as trembling, uncontrollable screaming, and feelings of impending loss of control, prevalent in Latinx and Hispanic populations.

Generalized anxiety disorder

An anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal.

Panic attack

A brief episode of intense anxiety, causing physical sensations of fear.

Panic disorder

An anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable episodes of intense dread and worry over a possible next attack.

Phobia

An extreme or irrational fear of or aversion to something.

Social anxiety disorder

Intense fear and avoidance of social situations.

Taijin kyofusho

An intense fear that one's body parts or functions displease or embarrass others.

Schizophrenic Spectrum Disorders

A group of disorders characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thinking, and negative symptoms.

Catatonia

A neuropsychiatric syndrome characterized by abnormal movements, behaviors, and withdrawal.

Catatonic stupor

A symptom causing the person to be unable to move, speak, or respond to stimuli.

Delusions

False beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders.

Delusions of grandeur

A subtype characterized by the belief that one is famous or of high status.

Delusions of persecution

A type of delusion where the person believes harm is going to occur to them by a persecutor.

Disorganized motor behavior

Movements that range from childlike silliness to unpredictable agitation or purposeless repeated movements.

Disorganized speech

Thoughts and speech that are jumbled or do not make sense.

Dopamine hypothesis

An excess of mesolimbic dopamine is linked to the positive symptoms of schizophrenia.

Hallucinations

A perception in the absence of an external stimulus that seems real.

Negative symptoms

Absence or lack of normal mental functions such as pleasure, speech, or daily life skills.

Positive symptoms

Exaggerated ideas or actions that indicate the inability to distinguish reality from non-reality.

Word salad

A confused or unintelligible mixture of seemingly random words and phrases.

Neurodevelopmental disorders

CNS abnormalities that start in childhood, altering thinking and behavior.

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

A psychological disorder marked by extreme inattention and/or hyperactivity and impulsivity.

Autism Spectrum Disorder

A disorder marked by limitations in communication and social interaction, with rigid interests and repetitive behaviors.

Bipolar disorders

Disorders in which a person alternates between depression and the overexcited state of mania.

Bipolar I Disorder

The most severe form, characterized by euphoric and energetic states lasting a week or longer.

Bipolar II Disorder

A less severe form where individuals experience depression and milder hypomania.

Cycling

The process of alternating between different mood states in bipolar disorders.

Mania

A hyperactive, overly optimistic state where poor judgment is common.

Depressive disorders

A group of disorders characterized by an enduring sad, empty, or irritable mood.

Depression

A mood disorder causing persistent feelings of sadness and loss of interest.

Major Depressive Disorder

A disorder with five or more symptoms lasting two or more weeks, including depressed mood or loss of interest.

Persistent Depressive Disorder

A disorder where people experience a depressed mood more days than not for at least two years.

Obsessive-compulsive and related disorders

Disorders characterized by obsessions (unwanted thoughts) and compulsions (repetitive behaviors).

Compulsions

Repetitive behaviors aimed at reducing the distress from obsessions.

Hoarding disorder

A disorder involving excessive acquisition of items resulting in clutter.

Obsessions

Persistent and uncontrollable thoughts or fears that significantly interfere with daily functioning.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder

A disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts and actions.

Dissociative disorders

A rare group of disorders characterized by a disruption in the integration of consciousness and memory.

Dissociation

Experiences ranging from mild emotional detachment to severe disconnection from physical and emotional experiences.

Dissociative amnesia

A disorder with memory gaps where individuals may forget traumatic events or aspects of their identity.

Dissociative identity disorder

A rare disorder where a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating identities.

Trauma and stressor-related disorders

Disorders following exposure to traumatic or stressful events, leading to psychological distress.

Emotional detachment

An inability or unwillingness to connect emotionally with others.

Flat affect

Reduced emotional reactivity in an individual.

Flashbacks

Sudden re-experiencing of a past traumatic experience.

Hostility

A form of emotionally charged aggressive behavior.

Hypervigilance

An enhanced state of sensory sensitivity and inaccurate filtering of sensory information.

Insomnia

A common sleep disorder affecting the ability to fall or stay asleep.

Posttraumatic stress disorder

A disorder characterized by haunting memories, hypervigilance, and insomnia lasting for 4 weeks or more after a trauma.

Feeding and eating disorders

Disorders characterized by altered consumption or absorption of food that affects health.

Anorexia nervosa

An eating disorder where a person maintains a starvation diet despite being underweight.

Bulimia nervosa

An eating disorder involving binge eating followed by weight-loss-promoting behaviors.