AP Psychology -- 5.4: Health Part 2, Knowt

Personality disorders - a group of disorders characterized by enduring inner experiences or behavior patterns that differ from someone’s cultural norms and expectations, are pervasive and inflexible, begin in adolescence or early adulthood, are stable over time, and cause distress or impairment.

Antisocial personality disorder - a personality disorder in which a person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members; may be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist.

Avoidant personality disorder - personality disorder characterized by excessive social anxiety and inhibition, fear of intimacy, severe feelings of inadequacy and inferiority, and an overreliance on avoidance of feared stimuli as a maladaptive coping method.

Borderline personality disorder - a personality disorder characterized by a pervasive, long-term pattern of significant interpersonal relationship instability, a distorted sense of self, and intense emotional responses.

Cluster A - personality disorders marked by unusual behavior that can lead to social problems. (the “odd/eccentric” cluster)

Cluster B - involves unpredictable, dramatic, or intensely emotional responses to things. (the “dramatic/emotional/impulsive” cluster)

Cluster C - marked by intense anxiety and fear.(the “anxious/fearful” cluster)

Dependent personality disorder - a personality disorder characterized by a pervasive psychological dependence on other people.

Histrionic personality disorder - a personality disorder characterized by a pattern of excessive attention-seeking behaviors, usually beginning in adolescence or early adulthood, including inappropriate seduction and an excessive desire for approval.

Narcissistic personality disorder - a personality disorder characterized by a life-long pattern of exaggerated feelings of self-importance, an excessive need for admiration, and a diminished ability to empathize with other people's feelings.

Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder - a personality disorder marked by a spectrum of obsessions with rules, lists, schedules, and order, among other things.

Paranoid personality disorder - a mental disorder characterized by paranoia, and a pervasive, long-standing suspiciousness and generalized mistrust of others.

Schizoid personality disorder - a personality disorder characterized by a lack of interest in social relationships, a tendency toward a solitary or sheltered lifestyle, secretiveness, emotional coldness, detachment, and apathy.

Schizotypal personality disorder - a personality disorder characterized by thought disorder, paranoia, a characteristic form of social anxiety, derealization, transient psychosis, and unconventional beliefs

Anxiety disorders - a group of disorders characterized by excessive fear and anxiety and related maladaptive behaviors.

Acrophobia - extreme or irrational fear of heights.

Agoraphobia - fear or avoidance of situations, such as crowds or wide open places, where one may experience a loss of control and panic.

Arachnophobia - extreme or irrational fear of spiders.

Ataque de nervios - characterized primarily by a range of symptoms such as trembling, convulsions, uncontrollable screaming, shouting or crying, feelings of impending loss of control, shortness of breath, chest tightness, palpitations, feelings of heat in the chest that rise to the head, shaking arms and legs, and physical and/or verbal aggression. Prevalent in Latinx and Hispanic populations. (a sense of being out of control)

Generalized anxiety disorder - an anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal.

Panic attack - a brief episode of intense anxiety, which causes the physical sensations of fear

Panic disorder - an anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable, minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person may experience terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations; often followed by worry over a possible next attack.

Phobia - an extreme or irrational fear of or aversion to something.

Social anxiety disorder - intense fear and avoidance of social situations.

Taijin kyofusho - an intense fear that one's body parts or functions displease, embarrass or are offensive to others.

Schizophrenic Spectrum Disorders - a group of disorders characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thinking or speech, disorganized or unusual motor behavior, and negative symptoms (such as diminished emotional expression); includes schizophrenia and schizotypal personality disorder.
Catatonia - a neuropsychiatric syndrome characterized by abnormal movements, behaviors, and withdrawal

Catatonic stupor - a symptom that causes the person to be unable of moving, speaking, or responding to stimuli

Delusions - a false belief, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders.

Delusions of grandeur - a subtype of delusion characterized by the extraordinary belief that one is famous, omnipotent, wealthy, or otherwise very powerful or of a high status.

Delusions of persecution - a type of delusional condition in which the affected person believes that harm is going to occur to oneself by a persecutor, despite a clear lack of evidence. 

Disorganized motor behavior - movements that can range from childlike silliness to unpredictable agitation or can manifest as repeated movements without purpose

Disorganized speech - thoughts and speech that are jumbled or do not make sense

Dopamine hypothesis - an excess of mesolimbic dopamine is linked to the positive symptoms of schizophrenia

Hallucinations - a perception in the absence of an external stimulus that has the compelling sense of reality.

Negative symptoms - an absence or lack of normal mental function involving thinking, behavior, and perception. Lack of pleasure. Trouble with speech. Flattening. Withdrawal. Struggling with the basics of daily life. No follow-through. Decreased desire to socialize.

Positive symptoms - highly exaggerated ideas, perceptions, or actions that show the person can't tell what's real from what isn't.

Word salad - confused or unintelligible mixture of seemingly random words and phrases

Neurodevelopmental disorders - central nervous system abnormalities (usually in the brain) that start in childhood and alter thinking and behavior (as in intellectual limitations or a psychological disorder).

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder - a psychological disorder marked by extreme inattention and/or hyperactivity and impulsivity.

Autism Spectrum Disorder - a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by limitations in communication and social interaction, and by rigidly fixated interests and repetitive behaviors.

Bipolar disorders - a group of disorders in which a person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania. (Formerly called manic-depressive disorder.)

Bipolar I Disorder - the most severe form, in which people experience a euphoric, talkative, highly energetic, and overly ambitious state that lasts a week or longer.

Bipolar II Disorder - a less severe form of bipolar in which people move between depression and a milder hypomania.

Cycling - the process of alternating between different mood states in bipolar disorders.

Mania - a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state in which dangerously poor judgment is common.

Depressive disorders - a group of disorders characterized by an enduring sad, empty, or irritable mood, along with physical and cognitive changes that affect a person’s ability to function.

Depression - a mood disorder that causes a persistent feeling of sadness and loss of interest.

Major Depressive Disorder - a disorder in which a person experiences five or more symptoms lasting two or more weeks, in the absence of drug use or a medical condition, at least one of which must be either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure.

Persistent Depressive Disorder - a disorder in which people experience a depressed mood on more days than not for at least two years. (Formerly called dysthymia.)

Obsessive-compulsive and related disorders - People with this disorder have obsessions (persistent, recurring, unwanted thoughts and urges) and compulsions (repetitive behaviors or mental acts) that the individual feels driven to perform in response to an obsession.

Compulsions - Repetitive behaviors or mental acts that are aimed at reducing the distress experienced by obsessions.

Hoarding disorder - where someone acquires an excessive number of items and stores them in a chaotic manner, usually resulting in unmanageable amounts of clutter

Obsessions - Persistent and uncontrollable thoughts; persistent images, impulses, worries, fears or doubts or a combination of all these. They’re always intrusive, unwanted, disturbing and most importantly significantly interfere with the sufferer's ability to function on a day-to-day basis as they are incredibly difficult to ignore.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder - a disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions), actions (compulsions), or both.

Dissociative disorders - a controversial, rare group of disorders characterized by a disruption of or discontinuity in the normal integration of consciousness, memory, identity, emotion, perception, body representation, motor control, and behavior.

Dissociation - a concept that has been developed over time and which concerns a wide array of experiences, ranging from a mild emotional detachment from the immediate surroundings, to a more severe disconnection from physical and emotional experiences.

Dissociative amnesia - a disorder in which people with intact brains reportedly experience memory gaps; people with dissociative amnesia may report not remembering trauma-related specific events, people, places, or aspects of their identity and life history.

Dissociative identity disorder - a rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating identities. (Formerly called multiple personality disorder.)

Trauma and stressor-related disorders - a group of disorders in which exposure to a traumatic or stressful event is followed by psychological distress.

Emotional detachment - an inability or unwillingness to connect with other people on an emotional level

Flat affect - sometimes referred to as emotional blunting or emotional numbing, is a condition of reduced emotional reactivity in an individual.

Flashbacks - involuntary recurrent memory, is a psychological phenomenon in which an individual has a sudden, usually powerful, re-experiencing of a past experience or elements of a past experience.

Hostility - a form of emotionally charged aggressive behavior

Hypervigilance - a condition in which the nervous system is inaccurately filtering sensory information and the individual is in an enhanced state of sensory sensitivity.

Insomnia - a common sleep disorder that can make it hard to fall asleep or stay asleep.

Posttraumatic stress disorder  - a disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, hypervigilance, avoidance of trauma-related stimuli, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, numbness of feeling, and/or insomnia that lingers for 4 weeks or more after a traumatic experience.

Feeding and eating disorders - a group of disorders characterized by altered consumption or absorption of food that impairs health or psychological functioning. (Feeding disorders typically occur in infants and young children, whereas eating disorders affect people who self-feed.)

Anorexia nervosa - an eating disorder in which a person (usually an adolescent female) maintains a starvation diet despite being significantly underweight, and has an inaccurate self-perception; sometimes accompanied by excessive exercise.

Bulimia nervosa - an eating disorder in which a person’s binge eating (usually of high-calorie foods) is followed by inappropriate weight-loss-promoting behavior, such as vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise.