BIOL 114 FINAL EXAM

pattern

a trend or point of data

process

a description of why or how a pattern exists

regarding Richard Dawkins’ The Selfish Gene, what claim was made about selfish genes?

getting copies of our genes into the next generation is the most ultimate process

Darwin’s recognition that species look ____ in ___ environments helped him to understand the influences the environment may have on species change

different

adaptation

a phenotype that can increase the fitness of an organism

one of the requirements of natural selection is the presence of variation, to which does this refer?

variability in the quality of that trait in question

significance of the study of Galapagos Finches

the finch evolution is an example of scientists being able to track evolutionary change not caused by humans

a misconception aka false statement regarding evolution

evolutionary change is random

what is NOT a reason as to why adaptations are frequently imperfect

most mutations occur in junk DNA (not coding for phenotypes, therefore cannot be considered as adapttaions)

a source of variation that occurs during typical meiosis

random assortment of sister chromatids before gamete formation

formula for calculating the number of genetically distinct gametes

2ⁿ

genotype

the mix of alleles that will ultimately determine a phenotype

the formula for calculating the number of genetically distinct gametes refers to what part of the meiotic process

the random assortment of parental homologs immediately prior to daughter cell formation

many of the science-illiterate believe that any environmental change will simply result in species evolving to fit the new environment, citing that mutations arise frequently. why is this incorrect?

mutations mainly occur in the junk DNA, meaning they won’t actually code for any phenotypes

when in meiosis does Mendel’s Law of Segregation take place?

during the splitting of the cell at the end of meiosis I

Mendel’s Law of Segregation

is about the splitting of homologous alleles (from both parents)

in which of Mendel’s crosses can the Law of Segregation be observed?

the monohybrid, dihybrid, and test cross. (all of them)

how to determine the number of rows and columns to be created in a punnet square?

for each parent, it is calculated using the formula 2ⁿ where n is the haploid number of the organism

a ___ cross is used to determine whether a phenotype is determined by alleles on s*x chromosomes

reciprocal

hemizygosity

only one allele is present in the genotype

adaptive radiation

the evolution to fill available niche space

fundamental niche

all the things a species wants within the environment for their survival and will contribute to their success within the environment (essentially the n-dimensional hypervolume)

realized niche

what the species actually ends up getting as a result of negative interactions, mainly competition

competitive exclusion principal

two species with identical niches cannot coexist indefinitely (because one will eventually outcompete the other)

resource segregation

where two species differ in terms of their niche requirements

ex) Lack’s passerines and his discovery that the different species of birds differed the most by habitat.

darwins conclusions regarding natural selection

1) species change through time

2) all species have a common ancestor

3) species traits will vary to fit the environment

if a diploid organism can produce 64 genetically distinct gametes (without crossover) what is its diploid number?

• 2^? = 64

• 2⁶ = 64

• 6 is the haploid number, n

• 6 × 2 = 12 (this is the diploid number, 2n)

a male and female couple has three children, two boys and a girl. one of the boys was born with a genetic disorder, but none of his siblings or parents has it. what mode of inheritance does this follow?

either autosomal recessive, since the son could’ve received the alleles from his parents (i.e., them being heterozygous) or it follows a sex linked recessive trait that the son could’ve gotten from the mother

if an organism has the genotype LLMmNnOo, how many genetically distinct gametes can it produce?

8 genetically distinct gametes

why?

• we have 4 genes, but LL is presented with identical alleles so we only count 3 genes

• 2³ = 8 genetically distinct gametes

how many alleles per locus does a normal gamete have?

one allele per locus

(gametes are haploid, only having one chromosome for each pair)

the glass snake is an example of ____ evolution, also known as a _____

convergent evolution, homoplasy

true or false?

once carbon enters a plant as CO2 it can exit the plant as CO2

true!

• cellular respiration a process in which CO2 exits the plant

true or false?

once carbon enters a plant as CO2, it becomes part of the cell walls, protein, and fat

true!

• some of the carbon from CO2 is actually built into the structures of plants, this is called assimilation

true or false?

once carbon enters a plant as CO2, it can be consumed by an insect and become part of the insects body

true!

• when plants assimilate carbon structure, insects come in and eat that structure, digesting some of the carbon as well to make glycogen

true or false?

once carbon enters a plant as CO2, it can be turned into energy for plant growth

false!

• the carbon atom itself does not change (conservation of matter)

true or false?

once carbon enters a plant as CO2, it can become part of soil organic matter when parts of the plant die and fall off the plant

true!

• decomposition is an example of this

average ecological efficiency

10-20%

plants only get carbon from the ______

atmosphere! (in the form of CO2)

**note: plants do not get carbon from soil