APUSH Unit 7 Part 1 Entire Unit

Phases Overview

Populism (ppl’s party) 1890-1898 —> Progressivism (1900-1920) —> New Deal (1933-1938)

Progressive Presidents Overview

Teddy Roosevelt (Republican) - elected in 1902 (1 term)

William Howard Taft (Republican) - elected 1908 (1 term)

Woodrow Wilson (Democrat) - elected 1912 (2 term)

Roots of Progressivism

1. Reform Minded Republicans (Mugwumps) - want to get away from monopolies

2. Victorian Morality - middle class women

3. Religion - 3rd Great Awakening (ppl going back to church)

4. Consisted of: Intellectuals, Women (middle class), Journalist, Social Gospelite

Progressive Agenda

1. efficiency of government - to protect society

2. rid excessive power of Gilded Age trusts

3. rid of political machines

4. knock down socialist threat

5. fix squad living conditions (Jacob Riis)

6. woman + child labor laws

7. consumer protection

8. voting reforms (secret ballot)

9. conservation of natural resources (national parks)

10. Banking reforms (federal reserve systems)

11. Labor Reform - protect unions

12. Prohibition (stop drinking)

13. female suffrage

Dark side of Progressiveness

1. Strong Nativists - few embrace eugenics

2. some racist - feel racial segregation part of “The Social Order”

3. WASPs want assimilation

New Sciences Emerge

1. sociology - some reject Social Darwinism

2. John Dewey - “learn by doing”, teachers should “have education for life”, education goal - create socially useful adults

Social Critics Writers

1. Henry Demarest Lloyd - Wealth against the Commonwealth 1894 - critic of monopolies (standard Oil)

2. Thorstein Veblen - The theory of the leisure class 1899 - critic of the nouveau riche (critic)

3. Jacob Riis - how the other half lives 1890

Muckrakers

investigative journalists who feared legal reprisal so before they published a story they spent time and money to verify it. Examples:

1. Lincoln Steffens: “Shame of the Cities” 1902 - political machines and big buisness connections uncovered

2. Ida Tarbell - exposed standard Oil

3. Upton Sinclair: “The Jungle” 1906 - unsanitary conditions of meat packing industry. She goes undercover and works there.

4. David Philips: “Treason of the Senate” 1906 - exposed that 75 out of the 90 senators had connections to big businesses

5. John Spargo: “Bitter City of the Children” 1906 - child abuse and labor who called for food assistance (parents needed their kids to work at this time so parents weren't apart of the end child labor movement usually)

6. Ray Stannar Baker: “Following the Color Line” 1908 - 9mil African Americans were subject to discrimination

16th Amendment

Created a gradual income tax (the amount of taxes you pay depends on your income)

17th Amendment 1913

Allows people to choose their senators

18th Amendment

Prohibits the making, selling, and consumption of Alcohol 1919

19th Amendment

Allows for Womens suffrage in 1920

Muller v Oregon 1906

Court case that determined the female workday can only be up to 10hrs

This was overturned in 1923 called Adkins Children Hospital

Robert La Follette

Republican Wisconsin governor nicknamed “Battling Bob”

• destroyed political machines

• Direct Primaries 1903 allows us to select our candidates for your party

• Used initiative, referendum, and recall

• Secret ballots - had unintended consequences for the illiterates because they couldn't read the ballot.

President Teddy Roosevelt (1902-1909)

• 1st modern President - Republican and Progressive

• VP to Mckinley - who was then assassinated in 1902

• Used “Bully Pulpit” to preach progress (presidency as an excellent ("bully") platform ("pulpit") to preach, advocate an agenda, and influence public opinion. Coined by him, it meant using the office's high visibility to directly appeal to the public to pass legislation, rather than just relying on Congress)

• very popular

• Lead with American interest in mind, anti-trusts, Imperialist

Square Deal (3C’s)

Teddy Roosevelt’s Foreign policy

1. Regulate Corps (trust busting): Examples

• 1902 Anthracite Coal Strike - united mine workers union strike in the dead of winter, they demanded increased wages and decreased working hours. The president of Anthracite Coal called TR to force the workers back and to charge them of a violation against the Sherman Anti trust Act 1890 (Gilded age legislation) - which was the first attempt to curb the trusts and forbade any combination “in restraint of trade” and this was used to charge union workers. Teddy refuses this and he threatened the President of Anthracite coal - he made both the pres and the union workers meet together to negotiate and agree on a contract

• Northern Securities railroad company 1902 - owned by JP Morgan (TR uses the Sherman Anti-trust Act to dissolve this company)

• Roosevelt labels good trusts (those who are good for public interest) and bad trusts (those who aren't)

• Hepburn Act 1906: Expands power of the Interstate Commerce Comission (made to reign in the railroads - was never used). They now can set maximum and minimum rates, and proves the government is in control.

2. Consumer Protection: Examples

• Meat Inspection Act 1906 along with the Pure food and drug act 1906 creates the FDA

3. Conservation

Conservation = don't strip the land, preservation = don't even touch the land/leave it as is

• most significant and long lasting domestic events of Roosevelt, over logging and mining was a problem post civil war

• YellowStone - 1st National Park 1872 + Yosemite 1890

• John Muir - conservationist who protected Yosemite and co founds the Sierra club

• 1910 Hetch Hetchy Valley - conservationists vs preservationists. The Sierra club doesnt want to dam the Valley but the city of San Francisco wants it damed for water supply, it gets dammed under Wilson in 1913

Newlands Reclamation Act 1902

Act that allows the government to take land sale money for irrigation and dam projects, TR set aside 125 million acres of land of forest in federal reserves

1904 Election

Rep - Teddy Roosevelt - who wins by a lot

Dem - Parkers

Socialist - Eugene Debs

Panic 1907

This panic occurred under Roosevelt’s presidency, and he was blamed by Wall street because of his Trust Busting (they said that his Trust Busting caused the financial troubles)

Big Stick

Teddy Roosevelt’s Foreign policy - “amer should speak softly but carry a big stick - millitary”

• Panama Canal 1903 - overcame legal challenges, we needed a canal to connect the Atlantic to the Pacific and all the US territories. The canal would be between Panama and Colombia but this would negate the Clayton Bulwer Treaty 1850 made with Britain which said we would not make a without Britain permission — instead they passed a Hay-Pauncefote treaty 1901 which says that we can build a canal without Britain (however they only agreed to this if they get a special rate to go thought the canal). America aids the Panamanians to overthrow their government and get independence from Colombia and in return they allowed us to purchase a strip of land to make the canal

• uses gunboat diplomacy - building up the military presence in the ocean (a 19th-century foreign policy strategy where a nation uses conspicuous displays of naval power, such as stationing warships off a coast, to intimidate weaker nations into accepting demands)

Roosevelt Corollary

Part of Roosevelt’s foreign policy - acting as an addendum to the Monroe Doctrine. It asserted the United States' right to intervene—using military force if necessary—to stabilize Latin American nations and ensure they paid international debts, preventing European interference in the Western Hemisphere

Russo Japanese War 1904-5

In this War TR negotiates the Treaty of Portsmuth and he won a Nobel peace prive in 06.

What happened in San Fransico in 1906?

There was a huge Earthquake that leveled the city, limited schools, and during this time the Board of Education said that no Japanese students could attend public schools\

Teddy Roosevelt made an agreement with the Japanese called the Gentlemen’s agreement where Japan stopped allowing their people to move to the US and in return San Fransico will allow the Japanese students already living there attend school. This damaged US and Jap relations. TR sends his Great White Fleet to show his navy fleet around the world (especially in the Pacific and he goes around Japan multiple times)

1908 Election

TR does not run in this election and in his place for the Rep William Howard Taft is chosen instead (who wins)

Dem - William J Brian

Socialists - Eugene Debs

Taft Domestic

• This president had 90 lawsuits in 4 years against trusts (busted more than TR) - including Standard oil and US Steel which TR had told him to leave alone

• Bureau of Mines - established control of mineral resources and rescued mils acres of coal lands in the W

• Mann Elkins Act - 1910 act, allows the telephone and telegraph to be under ICC regualtions

• Postal Savings Banks 1910 - created post office depositories with 2 percent interest

• all of this aligns with the Omaha platform

Split in the Rep Party 1909

#1 - Payne Aldrich Tariff (decreased the tariff from 48 under McKinley to 38

#2 - Ballinger-Pinchot: Taft’s pick for secretary of the Interior (ballinger) opened lands for development formally aside. The secretary of forestry (Pinchot) sharply criticized this and eventually got fired (which angered TR very much because he picked him)

Dollar Diplomacy

Taft’s foreign policy - protect Wall Street money invested used money to increase military presence to protect Am investors, pumped money and troops in Honduras, Haiti, Cuba, DR

1912 Election

• Rep - Taft (chosen over TR)

• Dem - Woodrow WIlson

• New Nationalism/Progressive/Bull Moose Party - party TR makes (campaigns on increased regulation to fix social, econ, and Pol problems)

• Socialists - Eugene Debs who won the 6% popular vote, and was supported by the IWW (industrial workers of the world/ Wobblies)

Domestic policy that attacks the “Triple Wall of Privilege” - tariff, bank, trusts

1. tariff - Underwood-Simmons 1913 - went to Congress himself decrease tariff from 38 to 29

2. Enacted graduate income tax (16th am)

3. Banks: Federal Reserve Act creates the Federal Reserve system which replaces the bank and established the US economy on firm ground the purpose was to regulate the economy. Provisions: federal board chair is appointed by the president, and it creates 12 reserve banks. They use 2 tools to regulate the economy: Reserves (how much $ feds say banks should reserve and cant be used) and Interest Rates

• when the econ is running high (we are spending more than we should) - increase reserves and interest rate

• When the econ is running low - reserves are decreased and interest rate decreased so more $ can be accessed

4. Federal Trade Commission 1914 - monitors trust - issues cease and desists

5. Clay Anti-Trust Act 1914 - strengthens the Sherman Anti Trust Act, which exempt unions (gov cant go after Unions on strikes). Sam Gompers calls it the “Magna Carta of Labor”. union #’s increase.

Prohibition under Wilson

Happens a lot due to WWI when the government frequently asked the civilians to give up things for the good of the country

Volstead Act - federal government agency that tries to enforce prohibition

Moral Diplomacy 1913-21