Unit 3 Vocabulary and Terms

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Specialists

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Marcantonio, 2023-2024.

18 Terms

1

Specialists

Species with a smaller range of tolerance, or narrower ecological niche makes them more prone to extinction; have specific food requirements; low adaptability.

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2

Generalists

Species with a larger range of tolerance, broader niche makes them less prone to extinction and more likely to be an invasive species; broad food requirements; high adaptability. 

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3

K-selected species

"Quality"; few offspring, heavy parental care to protect them; usually reproduce many times; long lifespan, long time to sexual maturity, low biotic potential, slow population growth rate; more likely to be disrupted by environment change or invasives. 

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4

r-selected species

"Quantity"; many offspring, little to no care; may reproduce only once; shorter lifespan, quick to sexual maturity; high biotic potential; high population growth rate; more likely to be invasive; better suited for rapidly changing environment conditions. 

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5

Biotic potential

Maximum reproduction rate in ideal conditions.

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6

Carrying capacity

The highest population size an ecosystem can support based on limiting resources (food, water, habitat space).

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7

Overshoot

When a population briefly exceeds carrying capacity and results in resource depletion. 

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8

Die-off (die-back)

A sharp decrease in population size when resource depletion (overshoot) which leads to many individuals dying. 

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9

Population characteristics

Size - total number of individuals in a given area at a given time

Density - number of individuals per unit of area

Distribution - how individuals in a population are spaced out compared to each other

Sex Ratio - the ratio of males to females

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10

Density-dependent factors

Factors that influence population growth based on size.  Ex: food, competition for habitat, water, light, disease. 

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11

Density-independent factors

Factors that influence population growth independent of their size.  Ex: natural disasters. 

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12

Age cohorts

Groups of similarly aged individuals.

0-14 = pre-reproductive; 15-44 = reproductive age; 45+ = post-reproductive. 

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13

Extreme pyramid (age structure diagrams)

Represents rapid growth.

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14

Less extreme pyramid (age structure diagrams)

Represents slow, stable growth.

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15

House (age structure diagrams)

Represents stable, little to no growth.

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16

Inverted pyramid (age structure diagrams)

Represents declining population.

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17

Total fertility rate (TFR)

The average number of children a woman in a population will bear throughout her lifetime.

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18

Replacement level fertility

The TFR required to offset deaths in a population and keep population size stable

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