apwh ch 13 vocab

Age of Fossil Fuels

The 20th-century era defined by a massive spike in using coal, oil, and natural gas to power the global economy.

Communication Revolution:

The rapid shift from telegraphs to radio, TV, and the internet, which "shrunk" the world by making information instant.

Economic Globalization:

The accelerating movement of goods, capital, and people across national borders, creating a deeply interconnected world market.

Asian Tigers:

East Asian economies (South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, Hong Kong) that achieved massive growth through rapid, export-led industrialization.

Bretton Woods System

A 1944 agreement that created the World Bank and IMF to manage the post-WWII global economy and promote free trade.

Transnational Corporations (TNCs):

Giant companies (like Nike or Toyota) that operate in many countries simultaneously, often holding more wealth than small nations.

World Trade Organization (WTO)

An international body formed in 1995 to set the rules for global commerce and resolve trade disputes between nations.

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

A 1994 deal that eliminated most trade barriers between the United States, Canada, and Mexico.

Consumerism

A global culture and economic focus on buying and owning products as a primary way to achieve happiness and social status.

Export-processing Zones (EPZs):

Specific areas in developing countries where governments offer tax breaks to attract foreign factories and boost exports.

Service Sector:

The part of the economy that provides "intangible" value (like banking, nursing, or tech support) rather than manufacturing physical goods.

Informal Economy

The "off-the-books" part of the economy that isn't taxed or regulated by the government, such as street vending or day labor.

One-child Family Policy

China’s 1979 program that strictly limited most couples to one child to curb rapid population growth.

Women's Department (USSR):

Also known as Zhenotdel, a Soviet organization (1919–1930) that worked to improve women’s literacy, health, and legal rights.

Second-wave Feminism

A 1960s movement, mainly in the West, that went beyond voting rights to tackle equal pay, reproductive rights, and domestic roles.

Feminism in the Global South:

A movement in developing nations that focused on economic justice, poverty, and anti-colonialism alongside gender equality.