apush unit 5 time period 5 vocab 1877-1898

American Federation of Labor

Loose alliance of national craft unions calling for higher wages, shorter hours, and better working conditions; established by Samuel Gompers.

American Indians

The policy of the federal government was to assimilate them into American society and they had many armed resistances with federal troops.

Americanization

The act of becoming knowledgeable about American culture; this was the key to success of immigrated children.

Atlanta Compromise

A speech given by Booker T. Washington in 1895 proposing that blacks and whites should agree to benefit from each other.

Booker T Washington

Encouraged blacks to keep to themselves and focus on the daily tasks of survival, rather than leading a grand uprising. Believed that building a strong economic base was more critical at that time than planning an uprising or fighting for equal rights.

Chief Joseph

Leader of Nez Perce. Fled with his tribe to Canada instead of reservations. However, US troops came and fought and brought them back down to reservations.

Chinese Exclusion Act

It was one of the most significant restrictions on free immigration in US history, prohibiting all immigration of Chinese laborers.

Dawes Severalty Act

Adopted by Congress in 1887, authorized the President of the US to survey American Indian tribal land and divide it into allotments for individual Indians. Those who accepted allotments and lived separately from the tribe would be granted US citizenship.

Farming

Problems included over production, tariff policies, freight rates, the crop-lien system; the unresponsiveness of the democratic and republican parties led to the development of self-help programs such as the granger cooperative and farmers alliance.

Frederick Jackson Turner

American historian who said that humanity would continue to progress as long as there was new land to move into. The frontier provided a place for homeless and solved social problems.

Free Silver

A major goal of the Populists who viewed silver as the 'people's money' and gold as the money of oppression

Ghost Dance

A spiritual movement that came about in the late 18880s when conditions were bad on Indian reservations and Native Americans needed something to give them hope and thought it would bring about renewal of the native society and a decline of the influence of the Whites. Eventually banned by the federal government.

Gilded Age

A period of rapid economic growth but also much social conflict, which spanned the final three decades of the nineteenth century; was one of the most dynamic, contentious, and volatile periods in American history.

Gospel of Wealth

An article by Andrew Carnegie in June of 1889 that describes the responsibility of philanthropy by the new upper class of self-made rich to devote themselves to distributing their wealth responsibly to benefit society while they are still alive.

Haymarket Square Riot

Workers campaigning for the 8 hour work day in Chicago called for a protest; police intervention led to a bomb being thrown. Americans feared the labor movement and anarchism.

Horizontal Integration

The combining of many firms engaged in the same type of business into one large corporation.

Interstate Commerce Act

A US federal law that was designed to regulate the railroad industry, particularly its monopolistic practices. It required that railroad rates be “reasonable and just,” but did not empower the government to fix specific rates.

Jane Addams

Founder of Hull-House that became the center of an experiment in philanthropy, political action, and social science research; was a model for settlement work among the poor.

Knights of Labor

Established by Uriah S. Stephen’s; platform included an 8 hour work day and abolition of child labor; taken over by Terrence Powderly

Laissez-Faire Policies

An economic system in which transactions between private parties are free from government interference such as regulations, privileges, tariffs, and subsidies.

Large Trusts

Corporations like Standard Oil & Swift and Armour justified their economic domination of their industries by claiming that only large-scale method of production and distribution could provide superior products at low prices.

Long Drive

were a major economic activity in the 19th century American West, particularly between 1866 and 1886, when 20 million cattle were herded from Texas to railheads in Kansas for shipments to stockyards in Chicago and points east.

Mary Elizabeth Lease

A fiery Populist orator who gave many lectures, denouncing the money-grubbing government (banks, railroads, and “middlemen”) and encouraged farmers to speak their discontent with the economic situation; she said “raise less corn and more hell”

Middle Class

this was formed from white collar workers - managers, engineers, and sales representatives - that had more leisure time and greater income; consequently new forms of entertainment emerged

Mining

The discovery of rich mineral resources (much needed by emerging industries) creating mining towns all over the US

Morrill Act

allowed for the creation of land-grant colleges in U.S. states using the proceeds of federal land sales.

New South

A slogan in the history of the American South after 1877. Reformers use it to call for a modernization of society and attitudes, to integrate more fully with the US, and reject the economy and traditions of the Old South and the slavery-based plantation system of the antebellum period.

Pacific Rim, Asia, Latin America Markets

Businesses and foreign policymakers increasingly looked outside the U.S. Borders in an effort to gain greater influence and control over markets and natural resources

People's (Populist) Party

US political party that sought to represent the interests of farmers and laborers in the 1890s, advocation increased currency issue, free coinage of gold and silver, public ownership of railroads, and a graduated federal income tax

Plessy V. Ferguson

was a landmark constitutional law case of the US Supreme Court. It upheld state racial segregation laws for public facilities under the doctrine of “separate but equal”

Railroads

Held together the growing nation, creating by their very existence opportunities for entrepreneurs in other fields and consequently a huge domestic market developed which led to an economic boom that stimulated agriculture and mining in the West.

Ranching

Raising cattle and sheep to be sold for consumption in Texas and the plains of the Midwest caused range wars and led to the development of barbed wire.

Sitting Bull

ONe of the leaders of teh Sioux tribe. He was a medicine man “as wily as he was influential.” He became a prominent Indian leader during the Sioux Wars from 1876-1877. The well-armed warriors at first proved to be a superior force to American troops.

Social Darwinism

the theory that individuals, groups, and peoples are subject to the laws of natural selection as plants and animals. It was advocated by Herbert SPencer and others in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and was used to justify political conservatism, imperialism, and racism and to discourage intervention and reform.

Social Gospel

A religious movement that arose in the US in the late nineteenth century with the goal of making the Christian churches more responsive to social problems, such as poverty and prostitution.

Transcontinental Railroads

A contiguous network of railroad tracks that crosses a continental land mass with terminals at different oceans or continental borders. The first one was constructed between 1863 and 1869 and connected the existing eastern U.S. rail network at Omaha, Nebraska/Council Bluffs, Iowa with the Pacific coast at the Oakland Long Wharf on San Francisco Bay.

Vertical Integration

A single company owns and controls the entire process from raw materials to the manufacture and sale of the finished product.

W.E.B. Du Bois

He felt that immediate “ceaseless agitation” was the only way to truly attain equal rights. As editor of the black publication “The Crisis,” he publicized his disdain for Booker T. Washington and was instrumental in the creation of the “niagara movement,” which later became the NAACP

William Seward

He was secretary of state under Johnson and Lincoln. He helped purchase Alaska as well as creating a secret police force.

Wounded Knee Massacre

Transpiring in 1890 and started when Sioux left the reservation in protest because of the death of Sitting Bull. The US army killed 150 Sioux. IT was the last major incident in the great plains.