Civil Rights and Social Movements

Flashcards covering key terms and definitions related to civil rights and social movements.

Freedom Summer

A campaign organized by SNCC, NAACP, CORE, and SCLC to register African American voters in Mississippi.

Little Rock Nine

Group of nine African American students enrolled in Little Rock Central High School in 1957, facing opposition from the state.

Thurgood Marshall

Lawyer in Brown v. Board of Education and the first African American Supreme Court Justice.

Black Panthers

Radical organization founded by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale to protect African Americans, prepared to use violence.

National Urban League

Founded in 1910, aimed to increase job opportunities for African Americans and pushed for desegregation and affirmative action.

Malcolm X

Militant civil rights leader who advocated for a separate Black society and was critical of MLK, eventually became less radical before his assassination.

Black Power

Term coined by Stokely Carmichael, emphasizing Black cultural pride and economic self-sufficiency.

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)

Youth-led civil rights organization known for civil disobedience and later adopting more violent tactics under Stokely Carmichael.

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Legislation prohibiting discrimination based on race, color, religion, or sex, targeting segregation and enhancing federal power in voter registration.

Affirmative Action

Policies that favor individuals who tend to suffer from discrimination in employment and education.

De facto vs. De jure segregation

De facto segregation occurs through personal choice, while de jure segregation is enforced by law.

Camp David Accords

1978 peace agreement between Egypt and Israel facilitated by President Carter.

Iran Hostage Crisis

Event where hostages were held in the U.S. embassy in Tehran for a year, due to tensions with the U.S.

Apartheid

A policy in South Africa that enforced racial segregation and discrimination.

Glasnost

Policy initiated by Gorbachev allowing criticism of the government in the USSR.

The Reagan Doctrine

Policy asserting the need to push back communism rather than just contain it, referring to the USSR as an 'evil empire'.

American Indian Movement (AIM)

Group formed in 1968 to protect Native American rights, notable for the occupation of Wounded Knee.

United Farm Workers

Labor union for migrant farm workers founded by Cesar Chavez.