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Petrarch
Often called the 'father of Humanism,' he was key in the recovery of classical texts.
The Prince
A treatise by Machiavelli on how to acquire and maintain political power, advocating for ruthless tactics.
Thomas More
English humanist and author of Utopia, a work describing an ideal society.
Ferdinand and Isabella
The Catholic Monarchs of Spain who unified the country and sponsored Columbus's voyages.
Prince Henry the Navigator
Portuguese prince who sponsored voyages of exploration along the African coast.
Vasco da Gama
Portuguese explorer who discovered a sea route to India.
Martin Luther
German theologian who initiated the Protestant Reformation with his Ninety-Five Theses.
Henry VIII
King of England who broke with the Catholic Church to establish the Church of England.
Ignatius Loyola
Founder of the Society of Jesus (Jesuits), dedicated to combating Protestantism.
Cardinal Richelieu
French statesman who strengthened the monarchy and intervened in the Thirty Years' War.
Louis XIV
The 'Sun King' of France known for his absolute rule and lavish court.
John Locke
English philosopher who advocated for natural rights and limited government.
Copernicus
Astronomer who proposed the heliocentric theory that challenges the geocentric view of the universe.
Montesquieu
French political philosopher who advocated for the separation of powers in government.
Catherine the Great (Russia)
Russian empress who implemented some Enlightenment ideas while maintaining autocratic rule.
Louis XVI
King of France during the French Revolution who was eventually executed.