AP Euro Ch 10-14

Agricultural Revolution

factor in causing the industrial revolution in Britian; the application of new agricultural techniques that allowed for a large increase in productivity in the eighteenth century; lowered food prices and increased population

Capital

material wealth used or available for use in the production of more wealth; Britain had much of this from trade profits and cottage industry to invest to start the industrial revolution

Industrial Revolution

shift from manual labor to machines in Europe; began first in Great Britain; first one lasted from about 1750-1848, emphasizing textiles, railroads, iron, and coal; second one lasted from 1870-1914, emphasizing steel, chemicals, electricity, and petroleum

Tariffs

taxes on imported goods; used often by European countries especially during the industrial revolution to encourage buying domestic products and increase the nation's income

Industrial Middle Class

part of the new middle class that was created during the industrial revolution; made up of industrial entrepreneurs; created a new business aristocracy

Trade Unions

associations of workers in the same trade formed during the industrial revolution; wanted to preserve their own workers' position by limiting entry into the trade and also gain benefits from employers

Chartisits

goal was to achieve political democracy (universal male suffrage); encouraged change through peaceful, constitutional means (ex: People's Charter); gave a sense of unity to the working class

Luddites

group of people who attacked the machines they believed threatened their livelihoods in order to protest

Principle of Legitimacy

guided Metternich at the Congress of Vienna; after the Napoleonic wars, peace could be best reestablished in Europe by restoring legitimate monarchs who would preserve traditional institutions

Balance of Power

a distribution of power among several states such that no single nation can dominate or interfere with the interests of another

Ideology

a political philosophy

Conservatism

an ideology based on tradition and social stability that favored the maintenance of established institutions, organized religion, and obedience to authority and resisted change, especially abrupt change; main idea of the Concert of Europe

Principle of Intervention

idea that great powers have the right to send armies into countries where there are revolutions to restore legitimate governments; created at the Congress of Vienna

Nationalism

a sense of national consciousness based on awareness of being part of a community-a "nation"-that has common institutions, traditions, language, and customs and that becomes the focus of the individual's primary political loyalty

Burshenschaften

student societies in the German states dedicated to fostering the goal of a free, united Germany; empowered by nationalism and liberalism

Liberalism

an ideology based on the belief that people should be as free from restraint as possible; Economic liberalism is the idea that the government should not interfere in the workings of the economy; Political liberalism is the idea that there should be restraints on the exercise of power so that people can enjoy basic civil rights in a constitutional state with a representative assembly.

Socialism

believed that the competitiveness of capitalism was the source of inequality and equality could only be achieved by equal distribution of goods and money provided by the government; became more popular after Karl Marx published the Communist Manifesto in 1848

Romanticism

a 19th century intellectual and artistic movement that rejected the emphasis on reason of the Enlightenment; stressed the importance of intuition, feeling, emotion, and imagination as sources of knowing.

Gothic Literature

a form of literature used by Romantics to emphasize the bizarre and unusual, especially evident in horror stories

Realpolitik

"politics of reality"; politics based on practical concerns rather than theory or ethics; practiced heavily by Bismark

joint-stock investment bank

A bank created by selling shares of stock to investors; Such banks potentially have access to much more capital than private banks owned by one or a few individuals; important for industrialization due to the large supply of capital in one place

Proletariat

the industrial working class; in Marxism, the class that will ultimately overthrow the bourgeoisie

Materialism

the belief that everything mental, spiritual, or ideal is an outgrowth of physical forces and that truth is found in concrete material existence, not through feeling or intuition

Natural Selection

Darwin's idea that organisms that are most adaptable to their environment survive and pass on the variations that allowed them to survive, while less adaptable organisms become extinct; "survival of the fittest"

Organic Evolution

Darwin's principle that all plants and animals have evolved over a long period of time from earlier and simpler forms of life

Realism

a 19th century school of painting that emphasized the everyday life of ordinary people, depicted with photographic accuracy

White-collar Jobs

job that does not involve manual labor; became more available with the expansion of government services and large businesses and even gave more job opportunities to women in the late 1800s

Marxism

the political, economic, and social theories of Karl Marx, which included the idea that history is the story of class struggle and that ultimately the proletariat will overthrow the bourgeoisie and establish a dictatorship en route to a classless society

Mass Society

a society in which the concerns of the majority—the lower classes—play a prominent role; characterized by extension of voting rights, an improved standard of living for the lower classes, and mass education

Plutocrats

members of the wealthy elite; produced by big businesses during the industrial revolution; fused with the first class

Kulturkampf

"culture conflict"; name given to Bismark's attack on the Catholic Church in Germany due to doubts about their loyalty to the nation

Relativity Theory

Einstein's theory that, among other things, (1) space and time are not absolute but are relative to the observer and interwoven into a four-dimensional space-time continuum and (2) matter is a form of energy (E=mc^2);

Revolutionary Socialism

a socialist doctrine that violent action was the only way to achieve the goals of socialism

Social Darwinism

the application of Darwin's principle of organic evolution to the social order; led to the belief that progress comes from the struggle for survival as the fittest advance and the weak decline; used to justify racism

Volkish Thought

the belief that German culture is superior and that the German people have a universal mission to save Western civilization from inferior races

Modernism

the artistic and literary styles that emerged in the decades before 1914 as artists rebelled against traditional efforts to portray reality as accurately as possible (leading to Impressionism and Cubism) and writers explored new forms

Naturalism

continuation of Realism in the late 19th century, however had a more pessimistic perspective

Impressionism

an artistic movement that originated in France in the 1870s; sought to capture their impressions of the changing effects of light on objects in nature

Cubism

an artistic style developed at the beginning of the twentieth century, especially by Pablo Picasso, that used geometric designs to re-create reality in the viewer's mind

Suffragists

advocates of extending the right to vote to women, especially in the lat 19th and early 20th centuries

anti-Semitism

hostility toward or discrimination against Jews

Pogroms

organized massacres of Jews

Zionism

an international movement that called for the establishment of a Jewish state or a refuge for Jews in Palestine

Ascendancy of Great Britain

became top dog in the late 18th to early 19th centuries due to having the resources to industrialize earlier (agricultural revolution, supply of capital, entrepreneurs, minerals, supportive government, high demand in markets); kept it a secret until 1851

Growth of worldwide trade

with lots of industrialization, countries needed raw materials, especially from colonies for their factories causing much trade; exports of cheap and refined goods were also widely demanded

Cotton (textile) industry

first industry to step toward industrializing in Great Britain with the creation of the modern factory

Great Exhibition of 1851

1851; first industrial fair organized by Great Britain as a display of their great wealth and imperial power; marks when the country officially opened its industrial secrets to the other European countries

Social Impact of Industrial Revolution

population growth due to increase in food supply; urbanization (cities were very unsanitary); creation of the Middle Class (two parts: industrial middle class and working class)

The Great Hunger

1845-1851; potato famine in Ireland; catastrophic population loss and many emigrate to America

Urban Living Conditions

very unsanitary during the Industrial Revolution; built around factories with the poor and industrial workers living in row houses in the middle; middle class lived in the cleaner suburbs

Congress of Vienna

1814-1815; meeting of European monarchs of Britain, Austria, Prussia, Russia, and France to establish peace after the Napoleonic Wars; hosted and led by the Austrian foreign minister, Metternich; guided by the principle of legitimacy and conservatism

Concert of Europe

established in 1815; alliance between Britain, Russia, Prussia, and Austria (and later France); met periodically to discuss ways of continuing to keep the peace in Europe; guided by the principle of intervention, where countries were allowed to send in troops to help quell revolutions in other countries; kept the peace until the Crimean War in 1856

Latin American Independence Movement

1820-1824; series of revolutions led by Simon Bolivar and Jose de San Martin to liberate the South American colonies; Concert of Europe could not intervene due to Britain's opposition to it; South America still had European (especially British) economic dependence

Greek Revolt

1821-1830; successful revolt against the Ottomans and led to Greek independence; Concert of Europe intervened to support them

Corn Law

1815; tariff on imported grain to protect domestic producers, but led to extremely high prices for bread; left people unhappy

French Revolution of 1830

1830; second revolution of France and very short; people revolted because they were unhappy with Charles X's censorship and conservative policies; Charles X fled and was replaced by Louis-Philippe the "bourgeois monarch" who favored the upper bourgeoisie

Reform Act of 1832

1832; recognition of industrial change in Britain; gave the right to vote to the upper middle class; mostly benefited the upper middle class

Revolutions of 1848

series of political upheavals aroused from nationalism and liberalism; started in France with the third French Revolution with the abdication of Louis-Philippe and started the Second Republic; French revolution sparked revolutions in Germany, Austria, and Italy, but were both stopped by the Concert of Europe; political and nationalist divisions were also the reason why most of these revolutions did not succeed

Second French Republic

1848-1852; after removing Louis-Philippe France became a republic again, with Charles-Louis Napoleon Bonaparte being elected as leader; ended when he crowned himself Emperor Napoleon III

Second French Empire

1852-1871; led by Napoleon III; good domestic policy, but struggled in wars; ended after losing the Franco-Prussian War and signaled the end of France's dominance in Europe

Crimean War

1853-1856; Russian war against Ottomans after the Ottomans refused to stop oppressing Christians; Russian expected Austria to help, but they remained neutral, and Britain and France allied with the Ottomans so that Russia would not gain control of the Black Sea; Russia lost and the Concert of Europe was ended; last major war before WWI

Battle of Balaklava

1854; battle in the Crimean War; British Light Brigade was massacred

Unification of Italy

1861; chancellor Cavour unified northern Italy under king Victor Emmanuel II of Piedmont; southern Italy was unified by Garibaldi then he gave the land over to Cavour; later added Venetia (1866) and Rome (1870)

Unification of Germany

1871; unified under Bismark; kicked Austrians out of German states during the Austro-Prussian War to make the North German Confederation; Southern German states were added after the Franco-Prussian War and the German Confederation unified with Prussia to form Germany; very authoritarian and militaristic; strongest power on the continent

Austro-Prussian War

1866; fought between Prussia and Austria; Bismark manipulated Austria into attacking first; Prussia won and Austria was excluded from German affairs

Franco-Prussian War

1870-1871; conflict between France and Prussia after a dispute over the throne of Spain; Prussia captured Paris and Napoleon III; Prussia united into Germany and became the strongest power on the continent and French was severely weakened and humiliated; new European balance of power

Ausgleich

1867; created a dual monarchy in Austria between the Austrians and Hungarians; Austria became Austria-Hungary; other minorities were dissatisfied and wanted power even more

Victorian Age

1837-1901; reign of Queen Victoria; time of peace and stability with reforms and prosperity

American Civil War

1861-1865; war between Northern and Southern states over the issue of slave-based economy; North wins due to industrial advantages and country reunites

Communist Manifesto

1848 (inspired revolutions); written by Karl Marx; believed history is the history of class struggle and problems could be solved with a classless society when workers overthrew their bourgeoisie masters

On the Origin of Species

1859; written by Charles Darwin; all plants and animals evolved from earlier, simpler forms through adaptation ("survival of the fittest")

The Descent of Man

1871; written by Charles Darwin; stated that man has animal origins; at first controversial but later gradual acceptance; Europeans used this to justify racism through Social Darwinism

Second Industrial Revolution

1870-1914; produced steel, chemicals, electricity, and petroleum; creation of automobile and airplane; German industrial leadership, then American; continued industrial core in northern and western Europe; Europe dominates world economy

Third French Republic

1871-1940; fragile and divided over republic vs monarchy; separation of church and state; rise of antisemitism (ex: Dreyfus Affair)

Dreyfus Affair

Jewish captain was falsely accused and convicted of selling secrets but was later found to be innocent; government refused a new trial even though a Catholic officer was more obviously the culprit; led to Zionist movement; also led to French government becoming more radical and separating church and state

1905 Revolution

1905; civil unrest that followed the failed Russo-Japanese War and the massacre of Bloody Sunday; forced Nicholas to create a Duma (parliament); however it was ineffective and power still remained in the hands of the tsar

New Imperialism

1870-1914; revived interest in spreading European influence and power for the sake of getting more resources for factories; also influenced by social Darwinism and racism; occupied Africa and Asia

"White Man's Burden"

idea that Europeans should "civilize" non European countries inspired by Social Darwinism

Scramble for Africa

1880-1914; countries of Europe quickly colonized Africa for its resources; France and Britain had most land; although there were some technological benefits the colonized people were not treated well and resented foreigners for exploitation

Boer War

(1899-1902) War between Great Britain and the Boers in South Africa over control of rich mining country; Great Britain won and created the Union of South Africa comprised of all the South African colonies

Balkan Crises

1912-1914; series of conflicts in the Balkan countries which would spark WWI; tensions between Austria and Serbia after Austria annexes Bosnia and Herzegovina; Russia promises to support Serbia

James Watt

Invented the steam engine and revolutionized the production of cotton goods

Prince Clemens von Metternich

Austrian foreign minister who hosted and led the Congress of Vienna

Simon Bolivar

The most important military leader in the struggle for independence in South America; led to the continent being liberated

Jose de San Martin

Led revolts for Argentina and worked with Bolivar to free Peru from Spanish rule

Tories

British political party who supported the Industrial Revolution

Louis XVIII

French Bourbon monarch who was restored to the throne by the Concert of Europe

Charles X

Bourbon successor of Louis XVIII who made restrictions to become an absolute monarch with the July Ordinances; was overthrown in the second French revolution of 1830

Ferdinand VII

Bourbon king of Spain restored to the throne by the Concert of Europe; at first promised a constitution, but decided to ignore it; revolt stopped by the Concert of Europe

Nicholas I

greatly feared revolution in Russia and was therefore very authoritarian and conservative

John Stuart Mill

English advocate for political liberalism and even advocated for women's rights

Louis-Philippe

"Bourgeoisie King" of France who favored measures that benefited the middle class; overthrown during the third French Revolution of 1848

Federalists

Supporters of the U.S. Constitution at the time the states were contemplating its adoption (ex:Hamilton, Adams, Marshall)

Democratic-Republicans

An early political party headed by Thomas Jefferson; stood for less centralized government (ex: Jefferson, Madison)

Andrew Jackson

opened up an era of mass democracy in American politics

Beethoven

Romantic musician

Emperor Napoleon III

elected president of France in 1848, crowned himself emperor in 1852; had an authoritarian rule but French loved him; hardly won any wars

Camillo de Cavour

Prime Minister of Piedmont who led the movement for northern Italian unification under king Victor Emmanuel II

Victor Emmanuel II

king of Piedmont, then first king of Italy in 1861

Giuseppe Garibaldi

Italian patriot who conquered Sicily and Naples (southern Italy), then gave the land over to Cavour to unify Italy