AP World History

Janissary

member of the elite infantry unit of the Ottoman Empire

Dar al-Islam

“House of Islam”, parts of the world where most of the population/the rulers practice Islam

Shi’a Muslims

believe that the ruler of Islam is an imam is chosen by God

Sunni Muslims

believe that the ruler of Islam is a caliphate descended from Muhammad

Ulamas

Islamic scholars that passed on core teachings of faith through schools

Sufis

mystics focusing on meditation and personal experiences in faith

al-Andalus

Spanish civilization with rich Muslim culture that was eventually driven out by Spanish rulers

Southeast Asia adopted Islam

in hopes of attracting Muslim traders from Persia, Arabia, and India

Malacca

cosmopolitan port city in Southeast Asia that was a center for Islamic learning and Hindu and Buddhist culture

Timbuktu

city in Mali that was a center for Islamic learning and trade of gold, salt, and slaves

Song dynasty

the Chinese dynasty before the Mongols that was based around Confucianism which they spread to Korea, Vietnam, and Japan

Order of empires in the Mediterranean

Roman → Byzantine → Ottoman

Feudalism

European system where land is gifted by lords to vassals and serfs worked the land

Terms related to feudalism

serfdom and manorial system

The Trans-Saharan trade rose from

the differing climates north and south of the Sahara Desert

Ideas stemming from the Silk Roads

credit systems, paper money, saddles, caravanserai, Buddhism

Ideas stemming from the Indian Ocean

dow ships, junk ships, astrolabes, compasses, monsoon winds

Ideas stemming from the Trans-Saharan

Islam, camels, slave trade, strict hierarchy

Main goods traded in the Indian Ocean

spices, ivory, gold, cotton, incense

Aztec Empire

semi nomadic group in northern Mexico that used water for many technologies and sacrificed slaves and prisoners of war to their sun god

Tenochtitlán

capitol of Aztec empire

Incan Empire

community in the Andes mountains that relied on strict labor and population systems

Main obstacle for trade between American empires

the bottleneck of Panama

mercantilism

belief in the benefits of profitable trading

what policies does mercantilism promote

colonialism, exportation of goods, and war over land

encomienda

a legal regime that forced Native Americans into helping build their colonies

hacienda

the system following encomienda where Spanish elites relied on indentured servants to work their plantations

creoles

descendants of conquistadors in Spanish colonies

peninsulares

Spanish immigrants in Spanish colonies

mestizos

mixed children of Spaniards and Native Americans

women’s role in Spanish colonies were to be

bearers of civilizations who kept the bloodlines “pure”

what was the social hierarchy in Spanish colonies

creoles → peninsulares → mestizos → native americans

jesuits

a Catholic religious order that helped with the Catholic reformation while some were turning to Protestantism

religious syncretism

fusion/blending of different religious beliefs, practices, and traditions

when was the North American revolution

1776-1783

when was the Haitan revolution

1791-1804