AP HUMAN GEO STUDY GUIDE

What are the major agricultural hearths in the timeline order?

Fertile Crescent, Southeast Asia, Indus Valley, East Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa, and Mesoamerica.

Which rivers are associated with the agricultural hearths?

Tigris and Euphrates (Fertile Crescent), Yellow and Yangtze (East and Southeast Asia), Ganges (Indus Valley), Nile (Sub-Saharan Africa), Mississippi and Rio Grande (Mesoamerica).

What did the Second Agricultural Revolution focus on?

Mechanics and industry, specifically the rise of machinery in agriculture.

What key innovations were part of the Third Agricultural Revolution?

Scientific innovations, including GMOs, pesticides, and fertilizers.

What is the difference between Metes and Bounds and Township and Range systems?

Metes and Bounds uses natural landmarks for irregular shapes; Township and Range uses a grid system for rectangular patterns.

What is Bid-Rent Theory?

The concept that land closer to a major city or marketplace is more expensive due to lower transportation costs.

What are the components of the Von Thunen Model?

Proto-circle (market), Market Gardening (fruits/vegetables), Forestry (timber), Grains (wheat/corn), Ranching (livestock).

What is considered the MOST wasteful agricultural practice?

Irrigation, due to water depletion and salinization.

What are the pros and cons of GMOs?

Pros: strong against pests and harsh climates; Cons: unknown health side effects, potential cancer links.

What is aquaculture?

A fish ranching practice that mass-produces fish and supplies over 50% of global fish products.

What's the difference between subsistence and commercial agriculture?

Subsistence agriculture is for family survival; commercial agriculture aims to maximize earnings and profits.

What are the types of commercial agriculture?

Monoculture, mono-cropping, and multi-cropping.

What is the urban hierarchy?

Hamlet, Village, Town, City.

What defines a mega-city?

Cities with about 10 million inhabitants.

What are meta-cities characterized by?

The largest and most influential cities with at least 20 million inhabitants.

What are boomburbs?

Cities that are relatively well-known in their local area, with around 100,000 inhabitants.

What is globalization?

The process of increased interconnectedness among countries, primarily in economics, politics, and culture.

What are the characteristics of sector models in urban studies?

Sub-Saharan cities have 3 central business districts; Latin American cities have wealth concentrated near business districts; Southeast Asian cities incorporate ports and agriculture.

What is redlining?

Housing discrimination based on race, ethnicity, and income level, characterized by maps showing undesirable housing areas.

What are the two forms of data used for collecting information?

Qualitative data (subjective, from surveys/interviews) and quantitative data (objective, from statistics/math observations).

What does infrastructure include?

All structures and facilities provided by local governments, such as roads, schools, water supply, and utilities.

How is a city's power defined?

By how influential it is politically, economically, and culturally.

According to bid-rent theory, what is the relationship between location and land quality?

Closer to the central business district, neighborhoods are poorer and lower quality, while businesses nearby are higher quality.

What are the five sectors of the economy?

Primary (agriculture/mining), Secondary (manufacturing), Tertiary (services), Quaternary (IT), Fifth (political leadership).

What characterizes core countries?

Super rich and powerful countries like USA, Germany, UK, where most work in tertiary, quaternary, and fifth sectors.

What are semi-periphery countries?

Countries that are neither too poor nor rich, such as Mexico, South Africa, Vietnam, with diverse job sectors.

What defines periphery countries?

Poor countries where most work in the primary sector, like Guatemala and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

What are the stages of economic growth?

Traditional society (periphery), transitional stage (periphery), take-off stage (semi-periphery), drive to maturity stage (core), high mass consumption stage (core).

What are lower order services?

Common businesses like gas stations and fast food found across many cities in the USA.

What are higher order services?

Luxurious services found in larger cities, such as neurosurgeons and luxury car dealerships.

What is the Columbian Exchange?

The widespread transfer of plants, animals, culture, human populations, and technology between the Americas and the Old World.

What are the main language families mentioned in the language tree study?

Germanic, Slavic, Iranian, and Romance languages.