AP European History Unit 2

95 Theses

Martin Luther's opposition to corruption within the Catholic Church, especially in selling of indulgences

Anabaptists

Those who believed baptism was only valid when one freely confessed their faith and requested baptism, opposed baptism of infants, pacifistic, didn’t swear to oaths so were seen as a danger to political order

Baroque

A style of art characterized by contrast, ornamentation, movement, dynamism, and represented exploration of art and music outside of religious context

Council of Trent

Council of the Roman Cath. Church, prompted by reformation and responded to Protestant issues, etc. Big part of the Counter-reformation and revitalizing the RCC in many parts of Europe. Resulted in chastened church and papacy.

Edict of Nantes

Proclaimed by Henry IV, guaranteed freedom to worship, etc., to Huguenots, intended to end religious-based conflicts in France and to unify France under a strong monarch. Henry IV later converted to Catholicism from Calvinism for the good of politics. Revoked by Louis XIV, causing much conflict.

Huguenots

French Protestants, followed teachings of John Calvin, persecuted by French Government and had to flee France

Indulgences

Monetary payment sold to people to be granted forgiveness/ absolve one's sins. Used by the Church to fund lavish lives and projects. This disturbed many, including Martin Luther

Mannerism

Style of more artifice over realism, twisting and turning figures, and being tense and moving. Eventually replaced by Baroque

Peace of Westphalia

2 treaties that ended the 30 Years War and brought peace to HRE, brought Netherlands independence, France became more powerful, German princes became independent from HRE, etc., and closed off the religious wars of Europe.

Protestant Reformation

A religious movement that believed the bible was the sole authority for all faith matters, and salvation can be achieved by faith alone. Sparked by Martin Luther’s criticisms of clerical abuses and greed 

St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre

Catholic mobs killed protestants across France over some weeks, conflict ended when Henry IV converted to Catholicism and then issued the Edict of Nantes. Plotted by Catherine de’ Medici

Thirty Years War

Caused by panic induced from forcing Catholicism, and led to being fueled by many factors. They included religious, territorial, commercial, etc., and involved most major European powers, conflict also came down to Cath. Vs. Prot. and it ended with the Peace of Westphalia

Martin Luther

Author of 95 theses, against indulgences (sparking the theses), his beliefs were the basis of Lutheranism, huge to the Protestant Reformation

John Calvin

French theologian, pastor, and reformer of Geneva, believed in predestination, wrote Institutes of the Christian Religion, the first systematic theological treatise of the reformation. Those who follow his teachings are Calvinists.

Jesuits

Society of Jesus, under Ignatius of Loyola, missionary and charity work mostly, force in the Catholic Counter-Revolution, against state control of the Church

Huguenots

French Protestants, followed teachings of John Calvin, persecuted by French Government and had to flee France

Charles V

HRE and King of Spain, part of House of Habsburgs, the king during the rise of the Protestant Reformation, defending Catholicism and didn’t approve of Protestantism

The Renaissance

A period of European history that led to evolving of the economy, art, philosophy, architecture, and learning, as sparked by Classical rediscovery and after cultural decline

Colonization from the Americas

Columbus and others arrived in the Americas, and took over. They took down empires by finding their weaknesses, teaming up with enemies, or fighting against the more powerful with support from the general population. Enslaved many native people, leading to the death of many.

Wealth from the Columbian Exchange

With new and more money from the Columbian exchange, more money went into printing, funding, shipping, mining, and other industries. This led to more monopolizing, industry, ambition of the wealthy, and expectations for the poor

New Monarchies

Concept of European monarchs who unified their nations, stabilizing and centralizing governments

The Printing Press

Made by Johannes, Gutenberg, the printing press allowed for cheaper paper, access to knowledge, and a higher literacy rate.

Protestant Reformation: Martin Luther & his 95 Theses

The theses were a list of grievances to the churches shortcomings. When the church fought against them, the Reformation began.

Indulgences

Through money, sins would be taken from a person and would allow them to reach salvation. Salvation through faith alone (sola fide). Scripture did not determine faith, but belief did. 

Vernacular Bibles

Allowed people to read bibles in the common tongue.

Anabaptists

Those who believed baptism was only valid when one freely confessed their faith and requested baptism, opposed baptism of infants, pacifistic, didn’t swear to oaths so were seen as a danger to political order

Predestination

The predetermined will of God which decided who would go to heaven or hell, believed in by John Calvin

John Calvin

French theologian, pastor, and reformer, believed in predestination, wrote Institutes of the Christian Religion, the first systematic theological treatise of the reformation. Those who follow his teachings are Calvinists

French Wars of Religion : Catherine de Medici

Queen of France, married to King Henry II, a part of St. B’s Day Massacre and the Huguenot Vs. Catholic battling, she was a catholic and against protestantism

Politique

Public figures who put politics, strength of the state, and stability over religion, no religious truth worth civil war

King Henry IV & Edict of Nantes

King of France and politique, former Huguenot, converted to Catholicism to appease French Catholic people and issued Edict of Nantes to bring peace to France over its Cath. Vs. Prot. issues

Thirty Years War : Peace of Augsburg

Treaty between Charles V, HRE, and Schmalkaldic League. Gave Lutherans equal rights with Catholics in Germany, and established Lutheranism as a valid division of Christianity

Peace of Westphalia

2 treaties that ended the 30 Years War and brought peace to HRE, brought Netherlands independence, France became more powerful, German princes became independent from HRE, etc., and closed off the religious wars of Europe.

Council of Trent

Council of the Roman Cath. Church, prompted by reformation and responded to Protestant issues, etc. Big part of the Counter-reformation and revitalizing the RCC in many parts of Europe. Resulted in chastened church and papacy.

Jesuits & Ignatius of Loyola

They were the soldiers of God and were counter reformationists. They traveled and fought to reChristianize areas.

Ursuline nuns

Religious order of women, did education and missionary work especially for women

St. Theresa of Avila

A figure in the Catholic counter-reformation, helped reform Carmelite institutions and had immense faith, inspiring many

Index of Prohibited Books

A list of books that Catholics were prohibited from reading, punishable by excommunication. Books that spoke of religious ideas that differed from the RCC, and it was made to prevent contamination of faith/morals.

Roman Inquisition and Galileo

Galileo was condemned for his heliocentric views, tried for them by the inquisition and sentenced him to house arrest until his death

Continued social hierarchies from the Middle Ages

There was still a huge peasantry and lower class, while the clergy and nobility enjoyed luxurious lives, each of these classes living distinct lives

Debate about women's roles in science, politics, and religion

There was a lot of debate over the roles and power of women, such as how much education they should receive, etc, as they were seen as an ornament to their husbands, and many believed they were biologically inferior

Regulation of public morals

Cities and towns regulated these, as to avoid conflict or uprising, such as severe and humiliating punishments or banishment, etc

Continuation of leisure activities

Upper classes enjoyed leisure activities such as hunting, attending balls, horseback riding, and more.

Rise in witchcraft accusations

In part due to Christian beliefs, often due to suspicion, illness, or hatred of someone, especially women

Art : Baroque

• Drama

The twisting figures and grandiosity of baroque art, as well as its usage of shading and lighting, was very dramatic

• Used to glorify leaders

It conveyed grandiosity and splendor, portraying leaders and important figures as heroic 

• Artemisia Gentileschi

Italian Baroque painter, one of the first significant female artists in Italy. 

• Gian Bernini

Italian artist, brought out Baroque sculpting style

Art : Mannerism

• Distortion and drama

Distortion of figures, dramatic, disregard for perspective and proportion

• El Greco

Greek sculptor, painter, etc., important in the Spanish renaissance. Had a Mannerist art style