PSY 350 exam 1

psychological disorder

psychological disfunction associated with distress or impairment in functioning that is not a typical or culturally expected response

phobia

characterized by marked and persistent fear of an object or situation

abnormal behavior

a psychological dysfunction within an individual that is associated with distress or impairment in functioning and a response that is not typical or culturally expected

psychopathology

scientific study psychological disorders

scientist-practitioner

Mental health professional expected to apply scientific methods to his or her work. A scientist-practitioner must know the latest research on diagnosis and treatment, must evaluate his or her methods for effectiveness, and may generate research to discover information about disorders and their treatment.

presenting problem

Original complaint reported by the client to the therapist. The actual treated problem may be a modification derived from the presenting problem.

clinical description

details of the combination of behaviors, thoughts, and feelings of an individual that make up a particular disorder

prevalence

number of people displaying a disorder in the total population at any given time

incidence

number of new cases of a disorder appearing during a specific period

course

pattern of development and change of a disorder over time

prognosis

predicted future development of a disorder over time

etiology

cause or source of a disorder

exorcism

religious ritual that attributes disordered behavior to possession by demons and seeks to treat the individual by driving the demons from the body

psychosocial treatment

Treatment practices that focus on social and cultural factors (such as family experience), as well as psychological influences. These approaches include cognitive, behavioral, and interpersonal methods.

moral therapy

psychosocial approach in the 19th century that involved treating patients as normally as possible in normal environments

mental hygiene movement

Mid-19th-century effort to improve care of the mentally disordered by informing the public of their mistreatment.

psychoanalysis

Psychoanalytic assessment and therapy, which emphasizes exploration of, and insight into, unconscious processes and conflicts, pioneered by Sigmund Freud.

behaviorism

explanation of human behavior, including dysfunction, based on principles of learning and adaptation derived from experimental psychology. ABC: antecedent \> behavior \> consequence

unconscious

part of the psychic makeup that is outside the awareness of the person

catharsis

rapid or sudden release of emotional tension thought to be an important factor in psychoanalytic therapy

psychoanalytic model

Complex and comprehensive theory originally advanced by Sigmund Freud that seeks to account for the development and structure of personality, as well as the origin of abnormal behavior, based primarily on inferred inner entities and forces.

id

In psychoanalysis, the unconscious psychic entity present at birth representing basic drives.

ego

in psychoanalysis, the physical entity responsible for finding realistic and practical ways to satisfy id drives

superego

in psychoanalysis, the psychical entity representing the internalized moral principles of parents and society

intrapsychic conflicts

in psychoanalysis, the struggles among the id, ego, and superego

defense mechanisms

Common patterns of behavior, often adaptive coping styles when they occur in moderation, observed in response to particular situations. In psychoanalysis, these are thought to be unconscious processes originating in the ego.

psychosexual stage of development

in psychoanalysis, the sequence of phases a person passes through during development. Each stage is named for the location on the body where id gratification is maximal at that time.

castration anxiety

In psychoanalysis, the fear in young boys that they will be mutilated genitally because of their lust for their mothers.

neurosis (plural neuroses)

obsolete psychodynamic term for a psychological disorder thought to result from an unconscious conflict and the anxiety it causes

ego psychology

Derived from psychoanalysis, this theory emphasizes the role of the ego in development and attributes psychological disorders to failure of the ego to manage impulses and internal conflicts. Also known as self-psychology.

self-psychology

derived from psychoanalysis, this theory emphasizes the role of the ego in development and attributes psychological disorders to failure of the ego to manage impulses and internal conflicts (also known as ego psychology)

object relations

Modern development in psychodynamic theory involving the study of how children incorporate the memories and values of people who are close and important to them.

collective unconscious

Accumulated wisdom of a culture collected and remembered across generations, a psychodynamic concept introduced by Carl Jung.

free association

psychoanalytical therapy technique intended to explore threatening material repressed into the unconscious. the patient is instructed to say whatever comes to mind without censoring.

dream analysis

Psychoanalytic therapy method in which dream content is examined as symbolic of id impulses and intrapsychic conflicts.

psychoanalyst

Therapist who practices psychoanalysis after earning either an M.D. or a Ph.D. degree and receiving additional specialized postdoctoral training.

transference

psychoanalytic concept suggesting that clients may seek to relate to the therapist as they do to important authority figures, particularly their parents

psychodynamic psychotherapy

Contemporary version of psychoanalysis that still emphasizes unconscious processes and conflicts but is briefer and more focused on specific problems.

self-actualizing

process emphasized in humanistic psychology in which people strive to achieve their highest potential against difficult life experiences

person-centered therapy

Therapy method in which the client, rather than the counselor, primarily directs the course of discussion, seeking self-discovery and self-responsibility.

unconditional positive regard

acceptance by the counselor of the client's feelings and actions without judgment or condemnation

behavioral model

explanation of human behavior, including dysfunction, based on principles of learning and adaptation derived from experimental psychology

classical conditioning

Fundamental learning process first described by Ivan Pavlov. An event that automatically elicits a response is paired with another stimulus event that does not (a neutral stimulus). After repeated pairings, the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus that by itself can elicit the desired response.

extinction

Learning process in which a response maintained by reinforcement in operant conditioning or pairing in classical conditioning decreases when that reinforcement or pairing is removed; also the procedure of removing that reinforcement or pairing.

introspection

early, nonscientific approach to the study of psychology involving systematic attempts to report thoughts and feelings that specific stimuli evoked

systematic desensitization

Behavioral therapy technique to diminish excessive fears, involving gradual exposure to the feared stimulus paired with a positive coping experience, usually relaxation.

behavior therapy

Array of therapy methods based on the principles of behavioral and cognitive science, as well as principles of learning as applied to clinical problems. It considers specific behaviors rather than inferred conflicts as legitimate targets for change.

reinforcement

in operant conditioning, consequences for behavior that strengthen it or increase its frequency. Positive reinforcement involves the contingent delivery of a desired consequence. Negative reinforcement is the contingent escape from an aversive consequence. Unwanted behaviors may result from their reinforcement of the failure to reinforce desired behaviors.

shaping

In operant conditioning, the development of a new response by reinforcing successively more similar versions of that response. Both desirable and undesirable behaviors may be learned in this manner.

The Kuhn Cycle

0- pre-science
1- normal science
2- model drift
3- model crisis
4- model revolution
5- paradigm change

Thomas Kuhn

prevalent in the 60s, did not believe psychology was a science (hard vs soft science) bc it's not based on hard facts and we do not have a unified perception

Larry Laudon

critiques Thomas Kuhn- "we do't need to be unified to be science"

Larry Laudon- what is the job of science

to solve problems- if a theory solves more problems than it creates, then it worked

3 major paradigms

supernatural, physiological, and psychological era

Hippocrates

father of modern medicine- health depends on a balance of "humors", the vital colored bodily fluid

the 4 humors

phlegm, blood, yellow bile, black bile

Franz Mesmer

fascination with the lunar tides; believe magnets could control the water in our bodies like the mood controls the ocean tides; took women experiencing "hysteria" and made them believe they were healed from magnets

Joseph Gall

phrenology; believed he could measure people's heads and figure out people's traits. Discovered the frontal brain is responsible for reason

Sir Francis Galton

polymath (genius); coined "nature vs nurture", regression to the mean, correlations, eugenics (forceful elimination of people's abilities to breed)

Carl Wernicke

started to study the brain, discovered how we process language (part of brain named after him)

Philippe Pinel & Jean Baptiste Pussin

European reformers who helped lead/jumpstart mental health movements

Dorothea Dix

Activist who helped improve conditions of mental patients- mental health movement

Jean-Martin Chacot

hypnosis to cure mental ailments

Josef Breuer

-catharsis and "talking therapy"
-Anna O.

Sigmund Freud

-Id/ego/superego
-pleasure principle \> Gratification (ID)
-reality principle \> Practicality (EGO)
-defense mechanisms

carl jung

cultural norms create expectations - archetypes

Alfred adler

developed "individual psychology"; focus on inferiority and self-awareness

karen Horney

parent-child attachment patterns

erik Erikson

psychosocial development

eros vs thanatos

life vs death

John Watson

father of behaviorism; lecture in 1910 entitles "psychology as the behaviorist views it"

Edward Thorndike

Law of effect, puzzle boxes

B. F. Skinner

-operant conditioning
-we have motivations; reward/punishment will change behavior

Joseph Wolpe

systematic desensitization (figuring out a way to change fear through slow exposure)

Noam Chomsky

language development debates in 1960s, language acquisition device (LAD)

Albert Ellis

rational emotive behavior therapy (worked with Aaron beck)

Aaron Beck

father of cognitive therapy; cognitive triad; cognitive restructuring (schema), cognitive distortions.

WWII effect on psychology

WWII & dept of veteran affairs is the reason for clinical psychology starting in the US (James Miller)

Ivan Pavlov

classical conditioning- used dogs instead of humans

Thorndike law of effect

stimuli that are enjoyable lead to behaviors that are associated with it

Thorndike puzzle boxes

put cat in locked box, timed how long it took them to get out. Immediately put cat back in and timed again. Testing how fast they learn.

B.F. Skinner vs. Noam Chomsky

1960s- some of skinners gaps begin to show. writes a book called verbal behavior, claim: adults can learn language as fast as children. Chomsky retorts & *wins* debate

Cognitive triad

Aaron Beck- the idea of the ways we think about ourselves, others, and the future are going to impact how we see the world

anatomy of a neuron (label)

Neuron function

transmitting information in the brain

dendrite function

*receive information* (spread and branch out), send electrical signal that triggers chemical release

Soma (cell body) function

to assess all messages the cell receives and pass on the appropriate information, at the appropriate time

myelin sheath function

insulates the axon from chemical and physical stimuli that might interfere with the transmission of nerve impulses

glial cells function

support and protect neurons

node of ranvier function

Allows for faster signal transmission; 30x faster than non-myelinated nerves

terminal buttons (axon terminals)

ends of axons that secrete neurotransmitters

action potential- neuron

a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon

4 neurotransmitters

serotonin, dopamine, GABA, glutamate

serotonin

mood

dopamine

reward

GABA

inhibitory (slows us down)

Glutamate

speeds us up

resting state for action potential

-70

synaptic cleft

The narrow gap that separates the presynaptic neuron from the postsynaptic cell.

4 lobes of the brain

frontal, occipital, parietal, temporal