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Realism
The theory that we live in an anarchic international system with no single governing power.
Classical Realism
A theory that posits human nature as the driving force of international politics, though considered out of date.
Structural Realism (Neorealism)
Focuses on the structure of the international system and power distribution among states rather than human nature.
Offensive Realism
A theory that emphasizes aggressive military action as a way to achieve national interests.
Defensive Realism
A theory that views war as a last resort, emphasizing the importance of state security.
Security Dilemma
A situation where a state's increase in arms leads other states to also increase their arms due to intimidation.
Rational Actor Model
A conceptual model where decision making is influenced by standard operating procedures.
Organizational Processes Model
A conceptual model in which decision making is influenced by organizational procedures.
Bureaucratic Politics Model
A theory stating that decisions result from bargaining among government agencies.
Article I of the Constitution
Grants Congress the power to declare war and other specific powers, including raising an army.
Article II of the Constitution
Grants presidential authority as commander in chief and outlines presidential powers.
NSA 1947
Establishes the Department of Defense, National Security Council, and Central Intelligence Agency.
Goldwater-Nichols Act
Bridges the operational gap between army and navy, restructures the chain of command, and increases military power to civilians.
Snowcroft Model
A successful model that promotes decision-making processes based on the NSC, ensuring fair decision-making and no political bias.
NSC for Decisions
Involves discussion at lower levels that progresses up to the President of the United States.
NSC for Operational Decisions
The President of the United States makes direct operational decisions.
NSA Honest Broker
Acts as a mediator between cabinets, maintaining high trust from the President.
NSA POTUS Activate
Argues for the President's desired outcomes and intentions.
Rational Policy Actor
The nation or government, conceived as a rational, unitary decision maker is the agent - must be an overall ends to achieve- sounds like realism - everything is in strategic terms and value of maximizing - Options faced in Cuban missile crisis (what are plus and minuses)
Organizational Processes Model
Policy as organizational output - the actor is not a monolithic nation or government but a constellation of loosely allied organizations - goals: constraints defining acceptable performance- sequential attention to goals standard operating procedures - the value of loyal secretaries -territorial dispute Dod/CIA result airforce pilots flew cia planes
Bureaucratic Policy Model
Policy as a political outcome - the actors are neither a unitary nation nor a conglomerate of organizations but a number of players -outcomes advance and impede each players conception of the national interest specific programs welfare of friends personal interest - does a nation want to commit suicide - comes down to individual interest
Lens analogy
for conceptual model reality remains fixed but different conceptual models have different explanatory power - each model has limitations
