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Industrial Revolution
The transformational period in history, marked by the shift from rural to industrial economies, technological advancements, and urbanization. It began in the late 18th century in Britain and spread globally. Factors contributing to the Industrial Revolution include the invention of steam power, factory system, and mass production.
Capital
The financial resources, such as money, equipment, or property, that a company or individual possesses, enabling them to invest, grow, and generate income.
James Hargreaves
Inventor of the spinning jenny, a key development in the textile industry during the Industrial Revolution.
Richard Arkwright
Inventor of the water frame, a spinning machine that revolutionized textile production during the Industrial Revolution.
Edmund Cartwright
English Inventor of the power loom who revolutionized the textile industry in 1785.
James Watt
Scottish inventor who improved the steam engine, making it more efficient and practical for industrial use.Pi
Pig Iron
An iron that is obtained from smelting iron ore, containing high carbon content, impurities, and slag. It is the raw material used for making steel.
Wrought Iron
Strong and malleable iron alloy with low carbon content. Made by heating iron and removing impurities through repeated hammering and rolling. Used in construction, furniture, and decorative items.
Richard Trevithick
British engineer and inventor who developed the first full-scale working steam locomotive in 1804. He pioneered the use of high-pressure steam engines, revolutionizing transportation and laying the foundation for the modern railway system.
Crystal Palace
Constructed for the Great Exhibition of 1851 in London. Made of iron and glass, it showcases the advancements of the Industrial Revolution, the wealth, imperial power, and the growth of Britain.
Tariffs
Taxes imposed on imported goods, aimed at protecting domestic industries and raising revenue for the government. They can increase the price of imported products, making them less competitive in the domestic market. Tariffs can also be used as a tool for regulating trade and addressing trade imbalances between countries. It also discouraged the continental countries from trading due to less industrialization.
Friedrich List
German economist and advocate for economic nationalism. He believed in protecting domestic industries through tariffs and promoting infrastructure development.
Great Famine
Tragic event in Ireland during 1845-1852. Severe potato blight caused widespread crop failure, leading to mass starvation and disease. Resulted in the death of around 1 million people and forced emigration of 1 million more. Significantly impacted the social, economic, and political landscape of Ireland.
Poor Law Commission
Established in 1834, the Poor Law Commission aimed to reform the welfare system in England. Led by Edwin Chadwick, it centralized relief efforts and implemented workhouses. Its reforms faced criticism for their harsh conditions and inadequate support for the poor.
Edwin Chadwick
British social reformer during the 19th century. Advocated for public health reforms and improved sanitation conditions. Played a key role in the creation of the Public Health Act of 1848 and led the Poor Law Commission.
Cholera
Infectious disease that struck many with fear in the 180s, led to support of reformers like Edwin Chadwick because he was changing sanitation.
Bourgeoisie
Dominated by the middle class business owners and merchants.
Pauper apprentices
Orphans/Abandoned children who were taken under the care of Paupers. These paupers would then send the children to factory owners looking for cheap labor, putting the children to work.
Factory Act of 1833
Included textile laborers into child protection. Children 9-12 worked 8 hours and children 13-16 worked 12. Children 9-13 required to be educated for two hours.
Poor Law Act of 1834
Established workhouses where poor jobless people were forced to live, conditions were horrible, it was meant to be a punishment as poverty was viewed as self-inflicted
Trade Union
Formed by skillful workers in a number of industries like cotton spinners and ironworkers, these unions preserved their position by limiting entry into their trade and gaining benefits from employers. Favored working-class struggle against employers but only to win improvements for the members of their own trades. Striked and managed to repeal the Combination acts.
Robert Owen
Believed creation of voluntary associations would demonstrate the benefits of cooperative living. Grand National Consolidated Trades Union coordinated a general strike for the eight-hour working day. Lack of working-class support led to its collapse and the reformation of unions for individual crafts.
Luddites
Skilled craftspeople in the Midlands and northern england. They attacked the machines they believed threatened their livelihood by taking away jobs
Chartism
A movement that demanded universal male suffrage, payment for parliament members, elimination of property qualifications for members of parliament, and annual sessions of parliament
Ten Hours Act
reduced the labor for 13-18 yr olds to 10 hrs as well as women
Coal Mines Act
Eliminated children under ten being able to work. Women were no longer allowed to work in mines.
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