apes - unit 3

Generalist species

A species that can survive in many different environments and eat a wide variety of foods.

Specialist species

A species that depends on a specific habitat or food source to survive.

Environmental stressors

Factors in the environment that make survival more difficult, such as climate change, pollution, or lack of resources.

Biotic potential

The maximum number of offspring a species can produce under ideal conditions.

Exponential growth

Rapid population growth that occurs when resources are unlimited, producing a J-shaped curve.

Logistic growth

Population growth that slows as resources become limited and levels off at carrying capacity, producing an S-shaped curve.

r-selected species

Species that produce many offspring, mature quickly, and provide little or no parental care.

K-selected species

Species that produce few offspring, mature slowly, and provide a high level of parental care.

Limiting factors

Environmental factors that restrict population growth, such as food, space, or predators.

Density-dependent factors

Limiting factors whose effects increase as population density increases, such as disease and competition.

Density-independent factors

Limiting factors that affect populations regardless of size, such as natural disasters.

Survivorship curve

A graph that shows the number or proportion of individuals surviving at each age.

Type I survivorship

A pattern where most individuals survive to old age, with most deaths occurring late in life.

Type II survivorship

A pattern where individuals have a constant risk of death throughout their lifespan.

Type III survivorship

A pattern where many individuals die young and few survive to adulthood.

Carrying capacity (K)

The maximum population size an environment can support over time.

Overshoot

When a population temporarily exceeds its carrying capacity.

Population crash

A sudden decrease in population size due to limited resources.

Population growth rate

The rate at which a population increases or decreases over time.

Birth rate

The number of births in a population during a specific time period.

Death rate

The number of deaths in a population during a specific time period.

Crude birth rate

The number of births per 1,000 people per year.

Crude death rate

The number of deaths per 1,000 people per year.

Immigration

Movement of individuals into a population.

Emigration

Movement of individuals out of a population.

Doubling time

The amount of time it takes for a population to double in size.

Rule of 70

A method used to estimate doubling time by dividing 70 by the population growth rate.

Thomas Malthus

A scholar who predicted that human populations would grow faster than food supplies.

Age structure diagram

A graph showing the distribution of a population by age and sex.

Pre-reproductive age

Individuals who are too young to reproduce.

Reproductive age

Individuals capable of reproducing.

Post-reproductive age

Individuals who are too old to reproduce.

Total fertility rate (TFR)

The average number of children a woman is expected to have during her lifetime.

Replacement-level fertility

The number of children needed per woman to keep a population stable, usually about 2.1.

Infant mortality rate

The number of infant deaths per 1,000 live births.

Human carrying capacity

The maximum number of humans that Earth can support based on resources and technology.

Overpopulation

A condition in which a population exceeds the resources available to support it.

Family planning

The use of methods to control the number and spacing of children.

Demographic transition model

A model that shows how birth and death rates change as a country develops.

Stage 1

High birth and death rates with little population growth.

Stage 2

High birth rates and declining death rates, resulting in rapid population growth.

Stage 3

Declining birth and death rates, leading to slower population growth.

Stage 4

Low birth and death rates, resulting in a stable population.

Stage 5

Birth rates fall below death rates, causing population decline.