Honors Biology Chapter 9 - ATP and Enzymes

energy

the ability to do work

First Law of Thermodynamics

energy can neither be created nor destroyed but can be converted from one form to another

example of the First Law of Thermodynamics

Mitochondria does not create cell energy but converts the energy of carbohydrates into cell energy

Second Law of Thermodynamics

one usable form of energy can’t be completely converted into another usable form

example of Second Law of Thermodynamics

muscles convert energy within ATP to the mechanical energy of contraction and then some energy into heat

what kind of compound is ATP

organic

what does ATP stand for

Adenosine triphosphate

what exactly ATP is

cell energy

where is ATP found

in mitochondria

why ATP is important

it stores and controls the release of energy; it’s used for the synthesis of molecules; it’s used in muscle contractions; it’s used in the conduction of nerve impulses; it provides energy for active transport

building blocks of ATP, how many of each

1 adenine, 1 ribose, 3 phosphate

how are ATP’s building blocks put together

by the process of dehydration synthesis

ATP symbol

A - P ^ P ^ P

what happens when the last bond is broken

it releases a high amount of energy

high energy bonds

covalent bonds that are more unstable than the other bonds in ATP because the phosphate groups are close together and have a negative charge making them easier to break

where does the ATP energy cycle take place

in the mitochondria

draw the ATP energy cycle and label it

anabolic reaction

the buildup of substances to be used for growth, maintenance, and repair

example of anabolic reaction

amino acids to proteins; monosaccharides to carbohydrates

catabolic reaction

the breakdown of molecules to release energy

example of catabolic reaction

digestion; cellular respiration

where is ATP made in both animal and plant cells

in the mitochondria

enzymes

organic protein substances that make it possible for the chemical reactions of life to go on in living cells

enzyme characteristic: enzymes are..

catalysts

catalyst

a substance that affects a reaction by speeding it up without itself being changed

enyzme characteristic: for each step of a reaction…

there’s a particular enzyme that brings it about

enzyme characteristic: enzymes enter a…

chemical reaction only temporarily

enzyme characteristic: the names of enzymes usually end…

with the suffix -ase and are derived from the substrate’s name

substrate

the substance an enzyme acts upon

examples of substrates vs. enzymes

maltose, maltase; lipid, lipase

enzymes named before the 1900’s…

do not end in -ase

examples of anzymes without -ase

pepsin, trypsin (both in digestive system)

enzyme characteristic: all enzymes are made by..

the cell but many leave the cell to react with others

example of an enzyme being made in cells but then leaving

pepsin is made by cells of glands in the stomach wall but leave to mix with food in the stomach

enzyme characteristic: a single enzyme can…

catalyze thousands of substrate reactions each second because the enzyme is not changed by the reaction, they only enter temporarily, there is a different enzyme for each step of a reaction

enzyme characteristic: enzymes speed up..

reactions in a cell without requiring high temperatures

when do enzymes work best

at body temperature: 98.6 F

enzyme characteristic: most human enzymes…

work best at a pH 6-8

pH scale

0-6 are acids; 0 is the strongest acid; 7 is neutral; 8-14 are bases

examples of enzymes being acidic vs. basic

pepsin works best in the stomach, which is acidic; trypsin works best in the intestines, where it’s basic

enzyme characteristic: enzymes can act as an acid or base by..

donating or accepting hydrogen ions

activation energy

the minimum energy needed for a process to occur

enzyme characteristic: enzymes lower a reaction’s…

activation energy, therefore speeding up the reaction

enzyme characteristic: some enzymes need substances called…

coenzymes to function

coenzymes

organic substances, but not proteins, that enable enzymes to perform their catalytic functions; NOT catalysts

examples of coenzymes

ATP, all vitamins

enzyme characteristic: enzymes can bring about… (1st thing)

synthesis

synthesis

smaller to larger

example of synthesis (enzymes bring it about)

2 amino acids to a dipeptide

enzyme characteristic: enzymes can bring about… (2nd thing)

hydrolysis

hydrolysis

large things broken down to smaller things

example of hydrolysis (enzymes bring it about)

disaccharide to 2 monosaccharides

enzyme characteristic: the Lock and Key Hypothesis states the…

active site of the enzyme fits like a puzzle exactly into the reactive site of the substrate

draw and label the Lock and Key Hypothesis

enzyme characteristic: the Induced Fit Theory states the..

active site of the enzyme must adjust to fit the reactive site of the substrate

draw and label the Induced Fit Theory

metabolism

a sum of all the chemical reactions occurring inside and organism

reactants

what you start with

products

what you end with

draw, label, and understand metabolic pathways; know the enzymes, substrates, reactants, products, and the final product