AP Euro - Unit 4

The Enlightenment

Inductive Reasoning

Many observations lead to generalization

Deductive Reasoning

Generalizations lead to specific conclusions

Francis Bacon

Created the scientific method

Rene Descartes

French philosopher

Isaac Newton

Developed the law of universal gravitation

Astronomy

Study of the arrangement of the stars

Cosmology

Branch of astronomy concerned with the origins and structure of the universe

Nicolaus Copernicus

Developed the heliocentric model, clashed with the beliefs of Aristotle and Ptolemy

Johannes Kepler

Discovered orbit to be elliptical

Galileo Galilei

First European to build and use a telescope, proved that planets were non-ethereal

Galen

Father of anatomy and physiology during medieval Europe

Andreas Vesalius

Wrote “On the Fabric of the Human Body”, studied anatomy

William Harvey

Fixed Galen’s ideas on the circulatory system, found that the circulatory system started with the heart

Rationalism

Focused on the innate reason why people know what they know

Empiricism

The idea that all human knowledge is acquired through the human senses

Thomas Hobbes

Wrote “Leviathan”, argued that in a state of nature, humans would pursue their own survival and self-interest

John Locke

Believed all humans were born with natural rights given by the Creator, believed in the Social Contract, argued that humans were naturally blank slates and are only motivated by self-interest

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Wrote “The Social Contract”, sexist

Mary Wollstonecraft

Wrote “A Vindication of the rights of Women”, believed women could be equal if they were given equal access to opportunities

Voltaire

Advocated for religious tolerance, hated the Catholic Church, exiled from Paris and moved to England

Denis Diderot

Made the Encyclopedia

Montesquieu

Believed the best system of government was the judicial, executive, and legislative branches

Cesare Beccaria

Father of the criminal justice system, brought scientific reasoning into the criminal justice field, wrote “On Crimes and Punishments” which called for an end to the use of torture

Salons/Coffeehouses

People bought coffee, read newspapers, and shared ideas regarding philosophy

Academies

Specialized groups to investigate knowledge

Baron d’Holbach

Atheist, thought God was the creation of human ignorance and fear

Skepticism

Asserts that all ideas and beliefs should be approached with doubtD

David Hume

Skeptic, argued against miracles, disputed the idea of an afterlife, believed that religion corrupts rather than contributes to morality

Methodism

Movement which focuses on a personal experience with God, stresses charitable works

John Wesley

Led the Methodist Movement

Pietism

Belief that moral behavior was the key to salvation emphasized the importance of the Bible

Laissez-faire

The government stays uninvolved

Thomas Malthus

Concerned with population growth

Lady Mary Wortley Montagu

Introduced Britain to the smallpox inoculation

Maria Theresa

Empress of the Holy Roman Empire, first European monarch to mandate schooling

Consumer Revolution

People began buying goods for leisure, ornament, etc.

Jane Austen

Influential author

Rocco

Secular, exuberant, light, hedonistic art style

Neoclassism

Secular art style which upheld ideas of simplicity and symmetry

Augustan Age

Era of neoclassical literature, imitate Roman writers Horace and Virgil

King Frederick II of Prussia

Enlightened monarch, believed a king’s duty was to protect and serve the people, started the Prussian Common Law

Joseph II

Enlightened monarch, believed in religious toleration, limited the power of the Church, enabled freedom of the press