Human Blood and Immunology: Key Concepts and Cell Types

Plasma is closest in composition to

interstitial fluid.

The most abundant component of plasma is

water.

Plasma composes about ________ percent of whole blood and water composes ________ percent of the plasma volume.

55; 92

Surgical removal of the stomach could cause

pernicious anemia.

________ is a condition in which the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood is reduced.

Anemia

A bruise appears as a greenish spot in the skin because

the heme group in the hemoglobin has broken down into biliverdin.

Pernicious anemia caused by a lack of intrinsic factor is specifically treated by

injections of vitamin B12.

A person's blood type is determined by the

presence of specific glycoproteins on the cell membrane.

Figure 19-1 The Origins and Differentiation of Formed ElementsUse Figure 19-1 to answer the following questions:Identify the cell labeled "6."

lymphocyte

Figure 19-1 The Origins and Differentiation of Formed ElementsUse Figure 19-1 to answer the following questions:Identify the cell labeled "5."

monocyte

Non-specific immunity, such as phagocytosis, is a function of which blood cells?

neutrophils, eosinophils, and monocytes

Figure 19-1 The Origins and Differentiation of Formed ElementsUse Figure 19-1 to answer the following questions:Identify the cell labeled "2."

neutrophil

Figure 19-1 The Origins and Differentiation of Formed ElementsUse Figure 19-1 to answer the following questions:Identify the cell labeled "3."

eosinophil

Figure 19-1 The Origins and Differentiation of Formed ElementsUse Figure 19-1 to answer the following questions:Identify the cell labeled "4."

basophil

The blood cells involved in specific immunity are the

lymphocytes.

Most of the protein factors that are required for clotting are synthesized by

the liver.

The ________ is a procedure that is used to determine the number of each of the various types of white blood cells.

differential count

A fibrin network that contains trapped blood cells and platelets is called a(n)

blood clot.

The phase of hemostasis that involved clotting of blood is called

coagulation.

Proteins in the blood for defense are called

immunoglobulins.

Fifty to seventy percent of circulating white blood cells are

neutrophils.

Which of the following statements is true regarding the ABO blood types and the Rh blood types?

An Rh- person has to be exposed to Rh+ blood in order to produce anti-Rh.

A cross-match test is performed between donor blood and recipient blood, even though the ABO and Rh blood types match between the two because

there are many more surface antigens on red blood cells other than A, B and Rh.

Reticulocytes complete their development into ________ in the circulation.

erythrocytes

The plasma protein involved in blood clotting is

fibrinogen.

The enzyme that can digest fibrin and dissolve a clot is

plasmin.

Which of the following vitamins is needed for the formation of clotting factors?

vitamin K

How would removal of calcium ions from a blood sample affect coagulation?

Coagulation would be prevented.

A substance that activates plasminogen might be useful to

cause clot dissolution to proceed faster.

Some rat poisons contain a toxin that blocks the liver's ability to utilize vitamin K. Animals that consume this poison would die of

hemorrhage.

The process of fibrinolysis

dissolves clots.

The common pathway of coagulation begins with the

activation of Factor X, production of prothrombin activator.

________ involves a cascade of reactions leading to the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin.

Coagulation

During a bacterial infection you would expect to see increased numbers of

neutrophils.

Eosinophils function in

destroying antibody-labeled antigens.

An infected wound contains typically contains

All of the answers are correct.

Which of the following is not true of monocytes?

about same size as basophils

Which of the following is true of basophils?

All of the answers are correct.

Which of the following is not true of neutrophils?

less abundant than lymphocytes

A genetically engineered hormone that stimulates the production of neutrophils is

G-CSF (Neupogen).

White blood cells that are increased in allergic individuals are the

eosinophils.

Which of the following descriptions best matches the term colony stimulating factor?

hormone that regulates white blood cell formation

The most numerous white blood cells in peripheral circulation are the

neutrophils.

All of the following are true of neutrophils except that they are

important in coagulation.

Type AB blood has which of the following characteristics?

RBCs have both the A & B surface antigens and no ABO plasma antibodies.

Blood type is identified primarily by

both the ABO and Rh blood groups.

People with type AB blood are considered the "universal recipient" for transfusions because

their blood lacks A or B agglutinins.

Bill wants to determine his blood type, so he takes a few drops of blood from a puncture wound in his finger and mixes it with various antisera. His blood cells agglutinate when mixed with the anti-A sera but not with the anti-B or anti-D sera. What does this mean?

Bill's plasma contains B antibodies.

Which of the following blood count values would be a sign of anemia?

3.5 million RBC

Each hemoglobin molecule contains

four iron atoms.

Erythropoiesis is stimulated when

blood flow to the kidney declines.

The developmental stage at which erythrocytes enter the circulation is as

reticulocytes.

The process of red blood cell production is called

erythropoiesis.

In adults, erythropoiesis exclusively takes place in

red bone marrow.

Most of the iron that is removed from degraded hemoglobin is

recycled to the red bone marrow.

The waste product bilirubin is produced from

heme molecules lacking iron.

Aged and damaged erythrocytes are broken down by macrophages in the

spleen, liver, and bone marrow.

The function of hemoglobin is to

carry dissolved blood gases.

More than 95 percent of the protein in a red blood cell is

hemoglobin.

If bile ducts are blocked,

more bilirubin appears in the plasma.

Each heme ring in hemoglobin encloses an atom of

iron.

In adults, the only site of red blood cell production, and the primary site of white blood cell formation, is the

red bone marrow.

The function of red blood cells is to

carry oxygen to the cells and then carry away carbon dioxide.

The average life span of a red blood cell is

4 months.

An obstruction in blood flow to the kidneys would ultimately result in

increased erythropoiesis.

Which plasma protein transports fatty acids and some hormones?

albumin

The disease sickle cell anemia is an example of what can happen if

a gene for adult hemoglobin is abnormal.

Which of these proteins functions to store or transport iron?

ferritin, hemosiderin, and transferrin

Red blood cell production is regulated by the hormone

erythropoietin.

All the circulating red blood cells in an adult originate in the

red bone marrow.

A plasma protein essential for blood coagulation is

fibrinogen.

Plasma proteins essential in body defense are the

immunoglobulins.

The most abundant proteins in blood plasma are

albumins.

Which organ secretes most of the plasma proteins?

liver

Transferrin is an example of which kind of plasma protein?

metalloprotein

Thyroid-binding globulin is an example of which kind of plasma protein?

hormone-binding

The percent fraction of formed elements relative to whole blood is the

hematocrit.

Which of the following is not one of the formed elements of blood?

antibodies

The chief difference between plasma and interstitial fluid involves the concentration of

proteins.

Which of the following statements about blood is false?

The normal pH of blood is 6.8 to 7.0.