Classical Greece, Persia, and Rome

Greece

A peninsula surrounded by water, facilitating trade and cultural exchange.

City-States (Polis)

Independent political entities in Greece, culturally similar but politically diverse.

Sparta

A militaristic city-state with a focus on military training and a dual kingship.

Athens

A city-state known for its emphasis on education, democracy, and cultural achievements.

Greek Rationalism

A philosophical approach emphasizing logic, questioning, and secular explanations.

Persian Wars

Conflicts in the 5th century where Greeks united to preserve their independence against Persia.

Peloponnesian War

A conflict between Sparta and Athens, resulting in Spartan victory.

Alexander the Great

Conqueror who spread Hellenistic culture and established Alexandria as a cultural center.

Achaemenid Empire

The Persian Empire established by Cyrus the Great, known for religious tolerance and efficient governance.

Monarchy

A form of government where a king rules the state.

Oligarchy

A government ruled by a few wealthy landowners and merchants.

Democracy

A system where all citizens participate in decision-making.

Roman Republic

A government established after the overthrow of a tyrant, featuring elected officials and checks and balances.

Punic Wars

A series of conflicts between Rome and Carthage, leading to the destruction of Carthage.

Roman Law

The Twelve Tables established public legal standards and rights.

Pax Romana

A period of peace and prosperity in the Roman Empire.

Christianity

A religion that spread throughout the Roman Empire, appealing to the urban poor and marginalized.

Syncretism

The blending of different religious and cultural traditions, evident in Roman religion.

Decline of the Roman Empire

A gradual process influenced by plagues, economic troubles, and environmental issues.

Legacy of Rome

Contributions to government, law, architecture, and literature that influence modern society.