A&P Test 3

Flashcards for Anatomy & Physiology test 3

In negative feedback, what happens when hormone levels rise?

• A) More hormones are produces

• B) Hormone production stops or decreases

• C) Different hormones are produced

• D) Nothing Changes

B) Hormone production stops or decreases

What distinguishes endocrine glands from exocrines glands?

• A) Endocrine glands are larger

• B) Endocrine glands produce enzymes

• C) Endocrine glands exist only in males

• D) Endocrine glands are ductless

D) Endocrine glands are ductless

The posterior pituitary gland:

• A) Produces its own hormones

• B) Stores & releases hormones made by the Hypothalamus

• C) Has no endocrine function

• D) Only functions during pregnancy

B) Stores & Releases hormones made by the Hypothalamus

What is the primary function of T3 & T4?

• A) Control basal metabolic rate

• B) Regulate blood calcium

• C) Stimulate growth

• D) Fight infection

A) Control basal metabolic rate

Insulin’s primary function is to:

• A) Raise blood glucose

• B) Lower blood glucose

• C) increase metabolic rate

• D) Stimulate protein breakdown

B) Lower blood glucose

Type 1 Diabetes is characterized by:

• A) Insulin resistance

• B) Reversible with diet

• C) Lifestyle factors

• D) Autoimmune destruction of beta cells

A) Insulin Resistance

Blood is classified as which type of tissue?

A) Epithelial Tissue

B) Muscle Tissue

C) Connective Tissue

D) Nervous Tissue

C) Connective Tissue

What is the primary function of erythrocytes (red blood cells)?

A) Fighting infection

B) Carrying oxygen

C) Blood clotting

D) Producing antibodies

B) Carrying oxygen

Hemoglobin is a large molecule composed of…

A) Carbs & Lipids

B) Proteins & Iron

C) Nucleic acids & Phosphorus

D) Proteins & Calcium

B) Proteins & Iron

Bilirubin is best described as…

A) A red pigment found in hemoglobin

B) A yellow pigment

C) A clotting factor

D) An antibody

B) A yellow pigment

Anemia is a condition of…

A) Abnormal platelet function

B) Overproduction of antibodies

C) Excessive white blood cell production

D) Deficient number of red blood cells or hemoglobin

D) Deficient number of red blood cells or hemoglobin

Neutrophils are classified as…

A) Antigens

B) Antibodies

C) Clotting Factors

D) Phagocytes

D) Phagocytes

Lymphoma is a form of cancer in which…

A) Red blood cells multiply uncontrollably

B) Platelet production is excessive

C) Masses of malignant T &/or B lymphocytes collect in lymph nodes or other tissues

D) Neutrophils become cancerous in bone marrow

C) Masses of malignant T &/or B lymphocytes collect in lymph nodes or other tissues

Coagulation refers to…

A) The destruction of red blood cells

B) The formation of a blood clot

C) The production of white blood cells

D) The transport of Oxygen

B) The formation of a blood clot

Antigens are substances that…

A) Always belong to “self’ & are recognized by the body

B) May trigger a defensive response if not recognized as “self”

C) Are only found in red blood cells

D) Prevent blood clotting

B) May trigger a defensive response if not recognized as “self”

Ischemia refers to…

A) Excessive blood flow to a tissue

B) Lack of blood flow

C) Elevated heart rate

D) Inflammation of the heart muscle

B) Lack of blood flow

In the heart, a septum refers to…

A) A valve that controls blood flow

B) A wall or partition that divides the heart into chambers

C) A blood vessel that exits the heart

D) The outer protective layer of the heart

B) A wall or partition that divides the heart into chambers

The mitral (bicuspid) valve is located between the…

A) Right atrium & right venticle

B) Right ventricle & pulmonary artery

C) Left ventricle & aorta

D) Left atrium & left ventricle

D) Left atrium & left ventricle

A heart murmur is caused by…

A) The turbulent flow of blood

B) Contraction of the ventricles

C) Oxygen binding to hemoglobin

D) Normal electrical activity in the heart

A) The turbulent flow of blood

Myocardial infarction is the medical term for…

A) Irregular heartbeat

B) High blood pressure

C) Heart attack

D) Heart valve disease

C) Heart attack

An electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG) is used to…

A) Measure blood pressure

B) Count red blood cells

C) Visualize heart valve structure

D) Record the electrical signals of the heart

D) Record the electrical signals of the heart

The carotid artery is located in the…

A) Chest

B) Arm

C) Neck

D) Abdomen

C) Neck

A defibrillator is an external electrical source used to…

A) Increase heart rate permanently

B) Measure cardiac output

C) Attempt to establish a normal rhythm

D) Stop the heart completely

C) Attempt to establish a normal rhythm

Blood pressure in a measure of…

A) The volume of blood in the body

B) The ventricles contracted over the ventricles relaxed

C) The number of heartbeats per minute

D) The oxygen content in arterial blood

B) The ventricles contracted over the ventricles relaxed

Tachycardia is the condition in which

A) The heart rate is below 60 bpm

B) Blood pressure is abnormally high

C) The heart rate is above 100 bpm

D) The heart rhythm is irregular

C) The heart rate is above 100 bpm

Blood returns to the heart by the…

A) Aorta

B) Pulmonary artery

C) Vena cava

D) Carotid artery

C) Vena cava

The jugular vein is located in the

A) Leg

B) Arm

C) Chest

D) Neck

D) Neck

A drop of deoxygenated blood returning from the body first enters which chamber of the heart?

A) Left atrium

B) Right atrium

C) Left ventricle

D) Right ventricle

B) Right atrium

Endocrine System

This body system…

• Uses chemical signals (hormones) to communicate throughout the body

  • Hormones are secreted by ductless glands directly into the bloodstream

    • Hormones only affect cells with specific receptors (target cells)

Main Endocrine glands

• Pituitary gland (aka '“master gland”)

• Thyroid

• Parathyroid

• Adrenal

• Pineal

• Pancreas

• Gonads (Testes & Ovaries)

Negative Feedback

• Most common form of HORMONE REGULATION

• Hormone levels rise —> signal to STOP production of hormone

• Keeps hormone levels balanced

  • EX: High thyroid hormone stops more production

Positive feedback

• Hormone levels rise —> signal to CONTINUE production of hormone

  • Ex: Oxytocin during childbirth increases contractions, which triggers more oxytocin

Hypothalamus

• Located in the brain

• Connects nervous & endocrine systems

• controls the pituitary gland; The _______ -Pituitary Complex = “Command Center”

Posterior Pituitary

Portion of the Pituitary gland that stores hormones made by the hypothalamus

• Hormones include:

  • ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone)

  • Oxytocin

Anterior Pituitary

Portion of the Pituitary gland that makes its own hormones

• Hormones include:

  • Growth Hormone (GH)

  • Prolactin (PRL)

  • TSH (Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone)

  • ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic Hormone)

  • FSH (Follicle-Stimulating Hormone)

  • LH (Luteinizing Hormone)

ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone)

Hormone that makes kidneys save water when you’re dehydrated

• posterior pituitary

Oxytocin

Hormone that causes uterine contractions during birth, milk let-down during breastfeeding, & bonding

• posterior pituitary

Growth Hormone (GH)

Hormone that promotes body tissue growth

• Anterior Pituitary

Prolactin (PRL)

Hormone that triggers milk production

• Anterior Pituitary

Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

Hormone that tells thyroid to release hormones

• Anterior Pituitary

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Hormone that tells adrenal glands to release cortisol

• Anterior Pituitary

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

Hormone that stimulates egg/sperm production

• Anterior Pituitary

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

Hormone that triggers ovulation/testosterone production

• Anterior Pituitary

Thyroid Gland

“Butterfly-Shaped”, located in front of neck, below the voice box

T3 & T4

• Thyroid Hormones

• control metabolic rate (how fast your body uses energy)

• need iodine to be made

• regulated by TSH from pituitary gland

Calcitonin

Lowers blood calcium levels & stops bone breakdown

Hypothyroidism

• Commonly shows up in labs as HIGH TSH & low free T4

  • Symptoms include: Weight gain, fatigue, feeling cold, slow metabolism

  • Can be caused by iodine deficiency (goiter) or inflammation

  • Ex: Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis

Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis

Chronic autoimmune disorder where the immune system attacks the thyroid gland, typically leading to an underactive thyroid

Hyperthyroidisim

• characterized by low or suppressed TSH levels & increased T4 &/or T3

  • Symptoms: weight loss, rapid heartbeat, sweating, nervousness

  • Ex: Graves’ disease

Parathyroid Glands

The four tiny glands on the back of the thyroid gland

Parathyroid Hormone (PH)

Hormone that…

• Raises blood calcium levels (opposite of calcitonin)

• pulls calcium from bones

• Increases calcium absorption in intestines

  • tells kidneys to save calcium

Calcium

Needed for muscle contraction, nerve signals, & blood clotting

Adrenal glands

Glands located on top of each kidney

Adrenal Medulla

• located in the inner part of an adrenal gland

  • releases Epinephrine & Norepinephrine (adrenaline)

  • Fight or flight response (Fast heart rate, higher blood pressure, increased alertness)

  • responds to short term stress

Adrenal Cortex

Outer part of an adrenal gland- has 3 zones:

1. Zona Glomerulosa

2. Zona Fasciculata

3. Zona Reticularis

Zona Glomerulosa

one of the zones of the Adrenal Cortex

• Makes Aldosterone

• Increases sodium & water retention

• Raises blood pressure

Zona Fasciculata

one of the zones of the Adrenal Cortex

• Makes Cortisol

• increases blood glucose

• responds to long-term stress

• Anti-Inflammatory

Zona Reticularis

one of the zones of the Adrenal Cortex

• Makes Androgens

  • (Sex hormones) in small amounts

Pancreas

Digestive Organ & endocrine gland that aids in digestion by producing enzymes to break down fats, carbohydrates, and proteins, and regulates blood sugar levels by secreting insulin into the bloodstream

Beta Cells

Makes up 75% of the Pancreatic Islet Cells:

• AKA INSULIN

Insulin

• Helps lower blood glucose

• helps cells absorb glucose

• promotes glucose storage as glycogen

Alpha Cells

Makes up 20% of the Pancreatic Islet Cells:

• AKA GLUCAGON

Glucagon

• raises blood glucose

• breaks down glycogen to glucose

• stimulated glucose production in liver

Type 1 Diabetes

Characterized by the autoimmune destruction of beta cells

• There is no insulin being produced

• Insulin injections are required

• Usually diagnosed young

Type 2 Diabetes

Characterized by insulin resistance of cells

• Pancreas is unable to keep up with this

• Related to lifestyle, obesity

• Can sometimes be reversed with diet & exercise

• makes up 95% of diabetes cases

Symptoms: Excessive Urination, Extreme Thirst, Hunger despite eating

Pineal Gland

Responsible for production of Melatonin

• Melatonin…

  • regulates sleep-wake cycles

  • responds to light/dark

  • Higher in children (may delay puberty)

• Located deep in the brain

Testosterone

Reproductive Hormone produced in Testes

• Deepens voice

• builds muscle

• produces body hair

• responsible for sperm production

Inhibits: FSH (controls sperm production rate)

Estrogen

Reproductive Hormone produced in the Ovaries

• Aids in breast development

• Regulates menstrual cycle

• fat distribution

Progesterone

Reproductive Hormone produced in Ovaries

• prepares body for pregnancy

• maintains pregnancy

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)

Reproductive Hormone produced in the Placenta (during pregnancy)

• maintains progesterone production

• this is what is detected in pregnancy tests

Blood

Classified as a connective tissue

• Composed of:

  • RBC’s (Erythrocytes)

  • WBC’s (Leukocytes)

  • Platelets

  • Plasma

Primary function is to deliver oxygen & nutrients to & remove wastes from body cells

• Also helps maintain normal body temp, chemical balance, & fight infections

Makes up ~8% of adult body weight

Erythrocytes

AKA Red Blood Cells (RBC’s)

• most abundant

• are biconcave disks & live up to 120 days in circulation

Hemoglobin

An Iron-rich protein in RBC’s that pick up inhaled oxygen from the lungs & transport it to the body’s tissues

• also picks up carbon dioxide waste at the tissues & transports it tot he lungs for exhalation

Anemia

Condition characterized by a deficiency in RBC’s or hemoglobin

• Iron-deficiency ______ is the most common type

Leukocytes

AKA White Blood Cells (WBC’s)

• A major component of the body’s defenses

• Two types: Agranular & Granular

Granular Leukocytes

Type of Leukocyte that contains abundant granules within the cytoplasm

• 3 types:

  • Neutrophils

  • Eosinophils

  • Basophils

Neutrophils

The most common of all Leukocytes- the rapid responders to the site of infection & are efficient phagocytes

• granular Leukocyte

Eosinophils

Leukocytes that contain antihistamine molecules, which counteract the activities of histamines (which trigger allergy symptoms)

• granular Leukocyte

Basophils

Leukocytes that release histamines

• granular Leukocyte

Agranular Leukocytes

Type of Leukocyte that contain way fewer & less obvious granules

• 2 types:

  • Monocytes

  • Lymphocytes

Monocytes

Type of agranular Leukocyte that mature into Macrophages

• patrol the bloodstream

• engulf harmful invaders & alert other immune cells

• aid in tissue repair

• contribute to chronic inflammation and disease responses

Lymphocytes

Agranular Leukocyte that has 2 types:

• B Cells: Undergo a maturation process in the Bone Marrow

• T Cells: Undergo maturation process in the Thymus

Platelets

Fragment of the cytoplasm of a cell, primary function is to LIMIT BLOOD LOSS

• AKA Thrombocytes

Plasma

Blood component composed mainly of water

• also contains plasma proteins, electrolytes, etc.

Leukemia

A type of cancer that involves an abundance of Leukocytes, but cells are not functioning properly

Lymphoma

A form of cancer in which masses of malignant T &/or B Lymphocytes collect in lymph nodes, the spleen, liver, & other tissues

Coagulation

Term for the formation of a blood clot

Anticoagulant

Any substance that opposes coagulation

Thrombus

A blood clot

• when a portion of this breaks free from a vessel wall & enters the circulation, it is referred to as an EMBOLUS

Antigens

Substances that trigger a defensive response from Leukocytes of the immune system if the body does not recognize the _____ as belonging to “self”

ABO Blood Typing

designates the presence or absence of just 2 antigens: A & B

• Those with A antigens in their erythrocyte membrane surfaces have TYPE A blood

• Those with B antigens in their erythrocyte membrane surfaces have TYPE B blood

  • People can have BOTH antigens, which makes them TYPE AB blood

  • Those who have NEITHER antigens are designated TYPE O blood

Rh Blood Group

This group is clasisfied according to the presence or absence of a second erythrocyte antigen identified as Rh D Antigen

• about 85% of americans have this antigen PRESENT, and are described as Rh POSITIVE (Rh+)

  • ex: someone with O+ blood means they DO have the antigen present

• Those who have this antigen ABSENT are described as Rh NEGATIVE (Rh-)

  • ex: someone with AB- blood means they do NOT have the antigen present

Universal Donor

Individuals with type O blood can be transfused to individuals with other blood types, and are referred to as this

Universal Recipient

Patients with type AB+ can theoretically receive any type of blood, and is referred to as this

Heart

Organ located within the thoracic cavity, medially between the lungs (space is called MEDIASTINUM)

• is separated from other mediastinal structures by the pericardium (aka pericardial sac)

• sits in its own space called the pericardial cavity

• typical organ is approximately the size of your fist

Four chambers of the heart

1. Right Atria

2. Right Ventricle

3. Left Atria

4. Left Ventricle

Right and Left Atria

Chambers of the heart that contracts to push blood into the lower ventricle

• One on each side of the heart

Right Ventricle

Chamber of the heart that propels blood to the LUNGS

Left Ventricle

Chamber of the heart that propels blood to the REST OF THE BODY

• ejects blood into the aorta through the aortic semilunar valve

Apex

The inferior tip of the heart

• lies just to the left of the sternum between the 4th & 5th ribs