Mod 13: Mixtures and Solutions

solution

solution

another name for a homogeneous mixture.

the result when you mix a solvent and solute

solute

what dissolves in a substance

miscible

meaning (liquids) soluble in each other in any proportion

insoluble

doesn’t dissolve in substance. leads to a heterogeneous mixture

immiscible

two (liquids) that can be mixed, but separate after

suspensions

contain large-sized particles that settle out if left undisturbed.

colloids

medium-sized particles that doesn’t settle out

particles stay within substance + can’t be filtered out

Brownian motion

jerky random movements of particles in a liquid colloid from the results of particle collisions

Tyndall effect

scattering of light by dispersed colloid/suspension particles

concentration

measure of how much solute dissolved in a specific solvent/solution

diluted

small concentration of solute

concentrated

large concentration of solute

molarity

number of moles of a solute dissolved per liter of a solution

parts per million

ppm. used to express extremely small concentrations

dilutions

the adding of more solvent in ____ doesn’t change the solute’s amount of moles

solvation

the dissolving process. called hydration within water.

the surrounding of solute particles with solvent particles, forming a solution. breaks apart

heat of solution

overall energy change that occurs during solution formation process

either warmer or cooler depending on the solution dissolved

agitation

stirring or shaking. increases the rate of solvation

surface area

more particles broken from dissolving = more ____. allows more collision between particles + increases rate of solvation

temperature

increases kinetic energy in particles, and increases solubility.

does the opposite for gases → gases are less soluble at higher __.

solubility

describes the ability to dissolve in a substance.

depends on nature of solution and temperature

Henry’s Law

solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to pressure

S = g/L

unsaturated

When a solution contains less dissolved solute than what can dissolve for a given temperature and pressure, it is called a ____ solution.

more solute can be dissolved

saturated

When a solution has the maximum amount of dissolved solute for a given amount of solute at a specific temperature and pressure, it is called a ___ solution

no more solute can be dissolved

supersaturated

When a solution contains more dissolved solute than a saturated solution, it is called a ___ solution.

formed at high temperatures then slowly cooled

(unstable) → forms a crystal

colligative properties

physical properties of solutions affected by number of particles but not by the identity of dissolved solute particles

electrolyte

ionic compounds that dissociate (not dissolve).

produces more mols of each element involved in substance

“strength” is determined by how many particles dissociate

nonvolatile solute

a solute that has little tendency to become a gas.

When added to a solvent, creates colligative properties

vapor pressure lowering

the lowering of a solvent’s vapor pressure due to interference from a nonvolatile solute

boiling point elevation

the temperature difference between a solution’s boiling point and a pure solvent’s boiling point

freezing point depression

difference in temperature between a solution’s freezing point and its pure solvent’s freezing point