APUSH Chapter 25

First New Deal

1933-1935; fifteen pieces of legislation proposed by Roosevelt and approved by Congress; intended to revive the economy and help those in need; three-pronged plan

Securities and Exchange Commission

established in 1934 to enforce the new Securities Act and Securities Exchange Act; enforce new laws and regulations governing the issuance and trading of stocks and bonds

Civil Works Administration

created in November 1933 after state-sponsored programs proved inadequate; marked the first large-scale federal effort to put people directly on the government payroll at competitive wages; provided 4 million federal jobs during winter 1933-34 and organized a variety of useful projects; dissolved when costs got too high in April 1934

Bureau of Indian Affairs

Roosevelt appointed John Collier as commissioner - steadily increased the number of Native Americans employed by the BIA and ensured all Indians gained access to New Deal relief programs; wanted to pass Indian Reorganization Act

Farm Security Administration

created by the Farm Tenant Act; provided loans to keep farmers from losing their land to bankruptcy; made loans to tenant farms to enable them to purchase farms; did little more than tide a few farmers over during difficult times

United Automobile Workers

employees at General Motors plant in Flint, Michigan who conducted a sit-down strike to be recognized by the company as a legitimate union; standoff lasted more than a month until the company finally caved and signed a contract meeting their demands; success inspired workers and led many to join unions

Powell v. Alabama

1932; US Supreme Court overturned the original convictions of the Scottsboro Boys and ordered new trials because the judge had not ensured that the accused were provided adequate defense attorneys

Second New Deal

1935-1938; changed the face of American life; $4.8 billion Emergency Relief Appropriation Act - largest peacetime spending bill to that point

United States v. Butler

January 6, 1936; Supreme Court declared that the AAA's tax on middle men was unconstitutional; Roosevelt established another Act in 1938

Tennessee Valley Authority

one of the most innovative programs of the First New Deal; brought electrical power, flood control efforts, and jobs to Appalachia; multipurpose public corporation; constructed 21 hydroelectric dams in the South - produced enough electricity to power the entire region; dredged rivers to allow boat and barge traffic

Twenty-First Amendment

ratified December 5, 1933; ended Prohibition - FDR wanted to regain tax revenues, Democrats wanted to end it because it was so widely violated

Revenue Act of 1935

major bill in Second New Deal; "Wealth-Tax Act" - "soak-the-rich tax"; raised taxes on wealthy Americans, many of whom were avoiding paying taxes at all; did not make the wealthy happy at all

John Steinbeck

writer who addressed the themes of social significance in the 1930s; traveled with displaced Okies driven from the Dust Bowl to chase the false rumor of good jobs in California to capture the ordeal of the Great Depression in The Grapes of Wrath - firsthand experience allowed him to create a vivid tale; solidarity of struggling people was the theme of the Depression

Wagner Act

National Labor Relations Act; drafted by Robert Wagner who convinced FDR to support; guaranteed the right to organize unions and bargain directly with management about wages and other issues; created National Labor Relations Board to oversee union activities and ensure that management bargained with them in good faith

Works Progress Administration

WPA; created by Emergency Relief Appropriation Act; quickly became the nation's largest employer; worked on lots of federal project; managed National Youth Administration

Gone With the Wind

1939; based on Margaret Mitchell's novel; feature film that transported viewers into the escapist realms of adventure, spectacle, and fantasy

Glass-Stegall Banking Act

Jun 19, 1933; created the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation; called for the separation of commercial banking from investment banking to prevent banks from investing the savings of depositors in the risky stock market; Federal Reserve Board was given more authority to intervene in future financial emergencies; effectively ended the banking crisis

Agricultural Adjustment Act

1933; created the Agricultural Adjustment Administration which sought to raise prices for crops and herds by paying farmers to cut production; money came from a tax on businesses that processed food; forced farmers to destroy growing crops; efforts worked - by end of 1934, production declined and prices rose

Frances Carolie Perkins

first woman cabinet member in history; designed the Social Security Act

Father (Charles) Coughlin

outspoken critic of FDR and the New Deal; assailed Roosevelt as anti-God in fiery radio broadcasts that attracted 40 million listeners; claimed that the New Deal was a Communist conspiracy; wanted to put all banks, utilities, oil companies under government control; became rabidly anti-Semitic - praised Hitler and Nazis for killing Jews

National Industrial Recovery Act

NIRA; 1933; centerpiece of the New Deal's efforts to revive the industrial economy; created massive public-works construction projects funded by the federal government; started the Public Works Administration - gov. buildings, highways, bridges, dams, port facilities, and sewage plants

Marx Brothers

produced zaney comedies to help people escape the Great Depression; combined slapstick humor with verbal wit to create plotless masterpieces of irreverent satire

Francis Townsend

critic of Roosevelt; championed a form of populist capitalism; promoted the Townsend Recovery Plan - $200 a month to Americans over 60 who quit working; claimed that his plan would create jobs for young people

Social Security Act

1935; proposed to address problems of elderly and disabled; cornerstone and supreme achievement of Second New Deal; hardships caused by Great Depression revived idea of government helping the elderly; designed by Frances Carolie Perkins; three major provisions, centerpiece being a retirement fund for people 65+; would not guarantee everyone a comfortable retirement; set up shared unemployment insurance program; paid for everything with payroll tax

Huey Long

Democratic senator from Louisiana; one of Roosevelt's harshest critics; complained that Roosevelt could charm a snake; classic demagogue, theatrical politician who appealed to the raw emotions of the masses; "Kingfish"; viewed Louisiana as his personal empire; used bribery, intimidation, and blackmail to get his way; created a "Share the Wealth" policy

National Recovery Administration

controversial part of NIRA; headed by Hugh S. Johnson; represented a radical shift in the federal government's role in the economy; primary purpose was to promote growth by ignoring anti-trust laws and allowing executives to compete; labor unions in all industries - included "fair labor" policies; declared unconstitutional for assigning it lawmaking abilities

fireside chats

radio broadcasts during which Roosevelt talked to the nation; first on March 12, 1933 - urged people to put money back in reopened and much safer banks

Franklin Delano Roosevelt

elected in 1932; saved capitalism by transforming it from within; believed excessive power of large corporations was the basic problem of the 1900s; took dramatic steps that forever changed the scope and role of the federal government while keeping the nation from fragmenting; set about enacting dozens of measures to relieve human suffering and promote economic recovery; contracted polio that left him permanently disabled

Norris v. Alabama

1935; Court ruled that the systematic exclusion of African Americans from Alabama juries had denied the Scottsboro defendants equal protection under the law - a principle that had widespread impact on the state courts by opening juries up to African Americans

court-packing plan

Roosevelt's plan to reform the Supreme Court - add one new justice for every current justice over 70; plan backfired and ignited a profound debate among the three branches of government; everyone ended up deciding that the scheme was too manipulative and political; worst political blunder and greatest humiliation of Roosevelt's career

Civilian Conservation Corporation

CCC; most successful New Deal jobs program; managed by the War Department; built 2500 camps in 47 states to house unemployed young men; worked as "soil soldiers"; recruited military veterans and Native Americans; excluded women, segregated African Americans and Native Americans - later required not to discriminate on account of race, color, or creed; outdoor work

Scottsboro Boys

1931; Alabama all-white jury convicted 9 black boys ages 13-21 on flimsy, conflicting testimony of raping two white women while riding a freight train; eight were sentenced to death as white spectators cheered - recounted in Richard Wright's novel Native Son; injustice of case sparked protests throughout the world; no case in legal history produced as many trials, appeals, reversals, and retrials - prompted 2 important rulings

Federal Insurance Deposit Corporation

created in 1933 by the Glass-Steagall act; insured customer bank accounts up to $2500; reduced the likelihood of future panics

Dust Bowl

ecological catastrophe caused by a terrible drought; Colorado, New Mexico, Kansas, Nebraska, Texas, Arkansas, and Oklahoma were hit hardest; crops withered and income plummeted due to little rain for months; flamboyant winds swept across the plains, creating clouds of topsoil (black blizzards) that engulfed farms and towns; millions abandoned their farms and headed towards California

Schechter Poultry Corporation v. United States

May 27, 1935; Supreme Court killed the National Industrial Recovery Act; ruled that Congress had given too much authority to the president with NIRA

John L. Lewis

head of the United Mine Workers; among the first to capitalize on the pro-union spirit of NIRA; rebuilt the UMW from 150,000 to 500,000 members within a year

Committee for Industrial Organization

formed in 1935 with the passage of the Wagner act to represent the interests of industrial workers; expelled from the American Federation of Labor in 1936 which spurred a rivalry between the two groups

Eleanor Roosevelt

one of the reasons for FDR's popularity; would prove to be one of the most influential leaders of the 20th century; most engaged First Lady up to that point; her husband's moral compass; dedicated to humanitarian causes, precocious progressive; worked tirelessly on behalf of women, African Americans, and youth, giving voices to the voiceless; maintained marriage to Franklin as a political partnership; definitely not straight

Federal Emergency Relief Administration

FERA; headed by Harry L. Hopkins; Roosevelt's first effort to deal with Massive unemployment; sent money to the states to spend on the unemployed and homeless

sit-down strikes

new tactic attempted by automobile workers in 1937; strike in which workers refused to leave the workplace until employers had granted them collective bargaining rights