Exchange and Transport in Animals

Gas Exchange

The process of exchanging gases, primarily oxygen and carbon dioxide, with the environment in order to support respiration.

Terrestrial Animals

Animals that live on land and obtain oxygen from the atmosphere.

Terrestrial animals use respiratory systems made of lungs that are connected to the external environment via?

nasal chambers or openings

Air contains more ______ as compared to water

O2 or oxygen

How do animals breathe if the content of oxygen in the air is high?

They breathe normally and relaxed.

Aquatic Animals

Animals that live in water and obtain oxygen from the dissolved oxygen in water.

Animals like fish and frogs use the _______ for extracting the oxygen from the water.

gills

The gills are heavily supplied with?

blood capillaries

Respiratory System

The system in animals responsible for gas exchange, involving specialized respiratory organs or structures.

Circulatory System

It is the link between all the cells of the body and these exchange systems. It consists of the heart, blood and blood vessels, and facilitates the transport of gasses, nutrients, and waste products throughout the body.

Open Circulatory System

A circulatory system found in invertebrates where blood flows freely through cavities since there are no vessels to conduct the blood.

Closed Circulatory System

A circulatory system found in vertebrates and some invertebrates, where blood flows through vessels throughout the body.

Digestive System

The system responsible for breaking down complex nutrients into simpler forms that can be absorbed and transported throughout the body.

The structure and function of the digestive system in animals are highly influenced by their?

dietary habits, lifestyles, and evolutionary adaptations

Herbivores

Animals that primarily consume plant material.

Describe the teeth of Herbivores and its purpose.

flat molars for grinding plant material

Why do herbivores have longer digestive tracts?

To allow for the extended breakdown of cellulose, a complex carbohydrate found in plant cell walls.

Carnivores

Animals that primarily consume animal flesh.

Describe the teeth of Carnivore animals and its purpose.

They have pointed teeth for tearing and shredding meat.

Why do carnivores have shorter digestive tract compare to herbivores?

Carnivores often have a shorter digestive tract because animal proteins are easier to digest compared to plant material.

How is the increased stomach acidity helped carnivore animals in digesting?

helps in the breakdown of proteins and sterilizes ingested meat.

Omnivores

Animals that consume both plant and animal material.

Insectivores

Animals that primarily feed on insects and other invertebrates.

Frugivores

Animals that primarily consume fruits.

Filter Feeders

Animals that consume small particles from the surrounding environment by using specialized filtering structures.

Excretory System

The system in animals responsible for excreting waste products from the body to maintain internal balance and homeostasis.

Vertebrates

Animals with a backbone, such as mammals, birds, and reptiles.

The primary excretory organs in vertebrates are the?

kidneys

When the bladder is full, urine is expelled from the body through the urethra during the process of?

micturition

Insects

Invertebrate animals with specialized excretory structures called Malpighian tubules.

Hemolymph

insect's circulatory fluid

The concentrated waste solution is then transported to the ______, where water and useful substances are reabsorbed.

hindgut

Fish

Aquatic vertebrate animals with kidneys for excretion.

Birds

Vertebrate animals with paired kidneys and excrete nitrogenous waste in the form of uric acid.

Birds have ______ kidneys.

paired

Birds excrete nitrogenous waste in the form of___________, which is less toxic and conserves water.

uric acid

Flatworms

Invertebrate animals with a simple excretory system called protonephridia.

Protonephridia

Remove excess water and waste products through specialized flame cells