unit 3 psych part 1 notes

Zygote

The fertilized egg that enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo.

Embryo

The developing human organism from 2 weeks through the 2nd month.

Fetus

The developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth.

Teratogens

Agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm.

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)

Physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman’s heavy drinking.

Rooting Reflex

The tendency to open mouth and search for a breast when touched on the cheek.

Baby Preferences

Infants prefer human voices and faces, as well as the smell and sound of their mother.

Object Permanence

The awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived.

Conservation

The principle that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects.

Critical Period aka Sensitive Period

An optimal period shortly after birth when an organism’s exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development.

Imprinting

The process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life.

Stranger Anxiety

Fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age.

Attachment or bonding

An emotional tie with another person, shown in young children by seeking closeness to the caregiver and displaying distress on separation.

Aggression

Men worldwide commit more violent crime, including 90% of murders, while women are more prone to relational aggression.

Social power

Refers to phenomena like male answer syndrome or 'mansplaining'.

Social connectedness

Women are found to be more communal.

X chromosome

A sex chromosome found in both women and men.

Y chromosome

A sex chromosome found only in men.

Testosterone

An important male hormone.

Estrogens

Hormones that contribute to female sex characteristics.

Androgyny

A blend of male and female traditional roles.

Authoritarian

Parents impose rules and expect obedience, often using commands like 'Don’t interrupt.'

Permissive

Parents submit to children’s desires, make few demands, and use little punishment.

Authoritative

Parents are both demanding and responsive, setting rules while explaining reasons and encouraging open discussion.

stages of identity development

diffusion, foreclosure, moratorium, achievement

Identity-Diffusion

a status that characterizes those who have neither explored the options, nor made a commitment to an identity.

Identity-Foreclosure

status for those who have made a commitment to an identity without having explored the options

Identity-Moratorium

status that describes those who are exploring in an attempt to establish an identity but have yet to have made any commitment.

Identity-Achievement

status for those who, after exploration, have made a commitment.

trust vs mistrust - if needs are dependably met, develop a sense of basic trust

infancy (first year)

autonomy vs shame - learn to have their own will and do things for themselves or doubt their abilities

toddler (2nd year)

initiative vs guilt - learn to initiate tasks and carry out plans or feel guilty about efforts to be independent

preschooler (3-5 years)

competence vs inferiority - learn how to apply themselves to tasks or feel inferior

elementary (6 years - puberty)

identity vs role confusion - refining a sense of self by testing roles or become confused about who they are

adolescence (teens into 20s)

intimacy vs isolation - form close relationships to gain capacity for intimate love or feel socially isolated

young adult (20s to early 40s)

generativity vs stagnation - sense of contributing to the world or may feel lack of purpose

middle adult (40s to 60s)

integrity vs despair - when reflecting on their life, may feel satisfaction or failure

late adult (late 60s and older)

carer who is inconsistent

kids develop negative self image, crave attention —> resistance attachment

carer who is rejecting

kids think they are unacceptable and unworthy —> avoidant attachment

emotionally available, sensitive and supportive carer

children develop positive working model —> secure attachment

sensorimotor

experiencing the world through senses and actions (looking, touching, mouthing)

birth to nearly 2 years

develops during birth to nearly 2 years

object permanence, stranger anxiety

develops during 2 to 6 years

pretend play, egocentrism, language development

pre-operational

representing things with words and images but lacking logical reasoning

2 to 6 years

develops during 7 to 11 years

conservation, mathematical transformations

concrete operational

thinking logically about concrete events, grasping concrete analogies and performing arithmetical operations

about 7 to 11 years

develops during 12 to adulthood

abstract logic, potential for moral reasoning

formal operational

abstract reasoning

ages 12 through adulthood