Zygote
the fertilized egg
enters a 2 week period of rapid cell division
develops into an embryo
Embryo
the developing human organism from 2 weeks through 2nd month
Fetus
the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth
Teratogens
agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)
physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman’s heavy drinking
Rooting Reflex
tendency to open mouth, and search for breast when touched on the cheek
many infant reflexes (most that you outgrow)
babinski
Baby Preferences
human voices and faces
smell and sound of mother
Object Permanence
the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived
(during sensorimotor you achieve object permanence)
Conservation
the principle that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects
Critical Period aka Sensitive Period
an optimal period shortly after birth when an organism’s exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development
Imprinting
the process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life
Stranger Anxiety
fear of strangers that infants commonly display
beginning by about 8 months of age
Attachment or bonding
an emotional tie with another person
shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and displaying distress on separation
Aggression- Men worldwide commit more violent crime, including 90% of murders, women are slightly more prone to relational aggression than men.
Social power- male answer syndrome or “mansplaining”
Social connectedness- women are found to be more communal
X chromosome- found in women & men
Y chromosome- found only in men
testosterone- impt male hormone
estrogens- contribute to female sex characteristics
androgyny-- blend of male and female traditionally roles
Authoritarian
parents impose rules and expect obedience
“Don’t interrupt.” “Why? Because I said so.”
Permissive
submit to children’s desires, make few demands, use little punishment
Authoritative
both demanding and responsive
set rules, but explain reasons and encourage open discussion