unit 3 psych part 1 notes

Zygote

  • the fertilized egg

  • enters a 2 week period of rapid cell division

  • develops into an embryo


Embryo

  • the developing human organism from 2 weeks through 2nd month


Fetus

  • the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth


Teratogens

  • agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm 


Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)

  • physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman’s heavy drinking


Rooting Reflex

  • tendency to open mouth, and search for breast when touched on the cheek

  • many infant reflexes (most that you outgrow)

    • babinski


Baby Preferences

  • human voices and faces

  • smell and sound of mother 

















Object Permanence

  • the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived

  • (during sensorimotor you achieve object permanence)

Conservation

  • the principle that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects


Critical Period aka Sensitive Period

  • an optimal period shortly after birth when an organism’s exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development

Imprinting

  • the process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life


Stranger Anxiety

  • fear of strangers that infants commonly display

  • beginning by about 8 months of age

Attachment or bonding

  • an emotional tie with another person

  • shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and displaying distress on separation





  • Aggression- Men worldwide commit more violent crime, including 90% of murders, women are slightly more prone to relational aggression than men.

  • Social power- male answer syndrome or “mansplaining” 

  • Social connectedness- women are found to be more communal

  • X chromosome- found in women & men

  • Y chromosome- found only in men

  • testosterone- impt male hormone

  • estrogens- contribute to female sex characteristics

  • androgyny-- blend of male and female traditionally roles



Authoritarian  

  • parents impose rules and expect obedience

  • “Don’t interrupt.” “Why?  Because I said so.”

Permissive

  • submit to children’s desires, make few demands, use little punishment

Authoritative

  • both demanding and responsive

  • set rules, but explain reasons and encourage open discussion









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