chapter 17 & 20 History quiz

AP US Government and Politics

pluralism

a multitude of views that ultimately result in a consensus on some issues

lobbying

applying pressure to influence govt. not only in DC but also every state capital-indirect (sway policymakers by shaping public opinion around a policy objective) and

ex.An officer of the University writes to a Member of Congress urging him to vote against an amendment that will be offered during the debate on a bill.

free-rider problem

groups that push for a collective benefit for a large group inevitably have these, this problem limits groups potential because not all that are benefiting are helping to pay the bill

iron triangles

the bonds among an agency, a Congressional committee, and a interest group

the three entities established relationship that benefit them all

Bureaucrats benefit by cooperating with

congressional members who fund and oversee them. Committee members

benefit by listening to interest groups that reward them with campaign donations.

issue networks

collectives with similar goals to iron triangles but they have come together to support a specific issue and usually do not have the longer terms relationships like iron triangles

direct lobbying

through communication with a member or employee of a legislative body

lobbyist

professional advocates that work to influence political decisions on behalf of individuals and organizations

-talk to politicians-members of govt. -write about issues and formulate plans to correct them -help with legislation drafting -etc.

activities of lobbyist to exert influence

-insider strats=quietly persuading through exclusive acsses

-outsider strats=public efforts-lawsuits-getoutthevote

-client interaction=informing clients

-legislation activity=providing info-research-drafting bills

-social media=monitoring Congressional activity-target outreach

-implementation=testifying on bills

-electoral activity=advertising-PAC donations

-other=meetings business development, media

501c3

organizations such as church’s and certain hospitals receive tax deductions for charitable donations-can influence govt.-can’t lobby govt. officials to donate to campaigns

501c4

groups such as certain social welfare org. can lobby and campaign but can't spend more than half expenditures on political issue (I.e the NRA)

endorsement

a public expression of support-can influence the voting public

grassroots lobbying

when an interest group tries to inform, persuade, and mobilize large numbers of people, generally an outsider technique (I.e students marching against Vietnam)

grasstops campaigning

more limited approach to shaping opinion, when you focus your outreach efforts narrowly on opinion leaders and folks who have strong connections to elected officials.

a top-down strategy

free press

an inhibited institution that places an additional check on govt. to maintain honesty, ethics, and transparency, later enshrined in first amendment

news bureaus

during the associated presses first year it covered national stories and established this, it is offices beyond a newspapers HQ.

investigative reporting

reporters dig deep into stories to expose corruption in govt. and other institutions

radio

first appeared shortly after WWI-important for getting word out about fact based reporting + campaigns

broadcast network

concept of broadcasting from one central location to several smaller stations called affiliates

affiliates

smaller stations of a broad cast network

big three networks

ABC, CBS, NBC set tone for television journalism since its larger intro in the 1950s

cables news network

CNN-first to do national 24 hour news

horse-race journalism

leads reportes to overly discuss who is leading and who is falling behind in a campaign

-before an election reporters update people nonstop on the ups and downs of candidates

scorekeeper

role media takes when they use horse race journalism and causes media to over-emphasize public opinion polls, numbers change day to day

gatekeeper

what news media acts as, much more is happening in the world than what is shown in a 30 min broadcast-setting own agendas by determining what is newsworthy and deciding what info the public will receive

watchdog

keeping an eye on govt. or industry is a part of the presses functions as this

adversarial press

the media skepticism that grew out of these events solidified what has become this -reportes continuingly question govt. officials-their motives-their effectiveness

political reporting

just the facts stories

sound bites

shows reporters own bias, short excerpts editing from a longer remark that are especially vivid in presenting an issue

C-Span

the cable satellite public affairs network-privately funded non profit public service -broadcasts house and Senate floor debates

poltical anaylsis

a form of journalistic expression that explores and provides and opinions on topic in depth

editorals

opinionated articles that reveal the publications view

op-eds

opinionated articles with an author listed appear on the opposing page to allow other opinions also appear online

commentary

throughout vast majority of straight news-this is stated by newscasters with discretion on screen

-meaning opinion and interpretation rather than just the facts

narrowcasting

concept of demand for media content encourages growth of media outlets with a specific political agenda and a targeted audience-

fairness doctrine

a former federal policy that required radio and TV broadcasters to present alternative viewpoints -lifted in 1987

talk radio

syndicated political shows that air at stations coast to coast

FCC

federal communications commission-regulates electronic media and it has authority over the content of radio, TV, wire, and satellite broadcast

Fox News Chanel

FNC-under media empire of Murdoch

reshaped terrain-conservative

- 1996

mainstream media

collection of traditional news org. that still operate an objective news model-liberal media bias?

confirmation bias

the tendency to seek out and interpret information if it confirms what you already believe

consumer driven media

meda whose content is influenced by the actions and needs of the consumers-business and profit driven

trade assc.

interest groups made of business within a specific industry

progressive era amendments

16th=empowered Congress to tax individuals incomes

-17th=empowered citizens to elect us senators directly

-19th=woman right to vote

intergovernmental lobby

an interest group made up of mayors, governors, and other state and local officials who lobby the federal government for more money with less strings.

professional assoc

represent white collar professions -AMA

think tanks

research institutions that often have specific ideological goals

purposive incentives

interest group incentive to join-promise to give the joiner some philosophical satisfaction

solidary incentive

incentive of allowing people of mind to gather on occasion

material incentive

incentive offered such as travel discounts, and subscriptions to magazines

upper class bias

-interest group membership has this bias

-most interest group members have higher income

public interest groups

geared to improve life or government for the masses

single issue groups

interest group focused on just one topic—of note are the National Rifle

Association (NRA)

ideological groups

—interest groups formed around a political ideology.

bundling

raising large sums from multiple donors for a candidate.

members must report info on this according to the HLOGA

revolving door

—the movement from the job of legislator to a job within an industry affected by the laws or regulations. Many officials leave their jobs on Capitol Hill or in the executive branch to lobby the government they departed.