History Midterm

God, Gold, Glory
Columbus in the Dominican Republic
mestizo culture
disease
Bartolomé de las Casas and the "Black Legend"

Spanish conquest

in Canada
trading fur
conflicts with the Iroquois Confederacy (Beaver Wars)
Jesuit priests

French conquest

fishing and pirating
conflicts with the Spanish
established roanoke, which failed
mercantilism, Virginia Stock Company, tobacco

English conquest

inflation, Columbian exchange, religious syncretism

consequences of Spanish conquest

problems with Spanish, religious problems, shipping and exports

consequences of english conquest

native conflicts

consequences of french conquest

direct representation

American colonies advocated for this type of representation
Elected representatives make their own decisions regarding polititcs

virtual representation

British Parliament advocated for this type of representation
Parliament speaks on behalf of all British colonies

direct taxation

taxes placed on all goods sold and purchased inside the nation

indirect taxation

taxes placed on trade and export goods

Bacon's Rebellion
indentured servitude wasn't working out
slaves used for domestic labor and skilled, heavy labor
cheap

causes of slavery

Baltimore & Calvert: Catholic haven
religious tolerance

Maryland

Separatists that left Holland
ended up in Massachusetts

Pilgrims

created for Puritan immigration

Massachusetts Bay Company

John Winthrop
church, family, and town
theocracy

Massachusetts Bay Colony

joint proprietorship
informal separation between north and south
Virginia overflow population

Carolina

settled by the Dutch
diverse

New York

owned by Quakers

New Jersey

William Penn, quaker
religious persecution

Pennsylvania

debtor's prison
slaves and plantations

Georgia

all parts of society represented in theory
not many voters
taxed colonies for money after the F&I War
benign neglect

British government

land speculators vs. French in Ohio
Indians sided w/French and British
resulted in the Treaty of Paris 1763 and the Proclamation Line

French & Indian War

Stamp Act

tax on legal documents, customs papers, newspapers, almanacs, college diplomas, playing cards, and dice had to bear a special stamp

the Coercive Acts

Boston Port Act, the Massachusetts Government Act, the Administration of Justice Act, and the Quartering Act

Boston Port Act

Closed the Boston harbor until all the East India tea was paid for

Massachusetts Government Act

Crown in control of town and colonial government – permission to meet

Justice Act

Royal officials not tried by colonials

Quartering Act

Soldiers quartered in any uninhabited private home
Those leaving Boston to escape control lose home

Sugar Act

lowered the duty on foreign molasses, but tightened enforcement

Tea Act

a bailout of the East India Company by giving them a monopoly on tea trade in Americas

no representation
increased taxation
increased control
colonies thought Britain saw them as inferior

causes of the American Revolution

Boston Tea Party
refused to pay taxes
consumed fewer British goods
boycotts

resistance to British control pre-1776

Chesapeake colonies (Virginia, Maryland, NC)

tobacco cash crop
slaves
conflicts w Powhatan confederacy
lack of industry

Southern colonies (SC, Georgia)

sugar and rice
trade with England
slave codes & Stono Rebellion

Middle colonies (NY, NJ, Pennsylvania, Delaware)

Beaver Wars w the Iroquois
breadbasket
large middle class
religious tolerance

New England colonies (Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Connecticut)

slavery not prevalent
lots of towns
large middle class
expanding population leads to decreased religious hold

political parties
expanding nation = more govt action
American identity NOT unified

post 1804 america

Article 1 of the Constitution

legislative branch (necessary and proper cause)
-Congress
~senate
~House of Representatives

Chief Little Turtles leading Natives against white forces in Ohio and Indiana

conflicts with Natives on the frontier

Article 2 of the Constitution

executive branch
-president + vp
-cabinet
electoral college

Article 4 of the Constitution

states, citizenship, new states

Article 5 of the Constituiton

amendment process

Article 3 of the Constitution

judiciary branch
-supreme court
-inferior courts (as necessary)

Article 7 of the Constitution

ratification

checks and balances

each branch checks the other branch

Article 6 of the Constitution

debt (people assume previous debts from Revolution), supremacy

legislative branch

controls money, taxes, laws, postal service, arts and science, judiciary, war/crime, choose what's necessary and proper

executive branch

commander in chief, treaties (w/Senate), state of the Union, removal, enforces laws

judiciary branch

cases involving US, cases between states

do enslaved people count as citizens
how much power does each state get
how much power does the federal govt get

conflicts regarding the Articles of the Constitution

characteristics of the AoC

Congress didn't have enough power
-couldn't regulate tax or trade
states didn’t have to follow federal laws and treaties
states had their own laws and didn’t have to follow other states’ laws
no executive branch or national court system
any amendment required all 13 states’ approval

French & Indian War

what war resulted in the Treaty of Paris 1763

American Revolution

what conflict resulted in the Treaty of Paris 1783

French left British territory

results of treaty of paris 1763

westward expansion into ohio valley and across mississippi river

results of treaty of paris 1783

called to revise the articles of confederation
mainly caused by Shay's Rebellion

Constitutional Convention of 1787

Bill of Rights

guaranteed individual freedoms from central government for Anti-Federalists
first ten amendments

allowed each state two representatives in Senate
allowed a number of representatives in the House based on population

Great Compromise

federalism

the principle of having a central government in addition to state governments

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

asserted states' rights over federal law
freedom of the press
freedom to reject federal law

in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts

why were the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions written

Jefferson and Madison

who wrote the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

election of 1792

George Washington and John Adams re-elected

quasi war

undeclared naval war with the French

election of 1800

Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr tie for president

election of 1796

John Adams and Thomas Jefferson

12th amendment

instituted to prevent opposing president and vp

1804

Thomas Jefferson was re-elected in

Revolution of 1800

saw a transition of power between opposing factions without bloodshed

George Washington's Presidency

he created a cabinet
non-partisan

Judiciary Act of 1789

Judiciary largely undefined until

George Washington

stressed neutrality in the French Revolution

John Adam's Presidency

Federalist
XYZ Affair
Quasi War

Thomas Jefferson's Presidency

co-authored the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
democrat-republican

Hamilton's Economic Plan

report on manufacturers
established the first Bank of the US
limited tariff
implied powers and loose construction for Congress

Bank of US

part of Hamilton's economic plan
signed under Washington

Federalist Papers

85 essays written by Alexander Hamilton & John Jay during 1787-88
Pointed out checks & balances of separation of power: each branch checks the other branches
Balance between political factions
Had to promise a Bill of Rights

judicial review

part of the system of checks and balances
allows the judiciary branch to check the other branches of federal govt
result of Marbury vs. Madison

post 1789 america

new constitution (with amendments)
judiaciary act set up court system
Bill of Rights – the Anti-Federalist legacy

aristocracy of merit

those who work hard and gain material wealth deserve social recognition

republican motherhood

combined the confidence and abilities of American women into a redefinition of citizenship

political parties

democrat republicans vs federalists
george washington warned against these
efined by regional and economic interests

causes of the War of 1812

War declared by a split Congress
European trade problems
British failures to comply with treaties (disrespect)
War Hawks = generation of new government officials who had not seen war

results of the War of 1812

Commercial Treaty (1815) = nearly free trade w/England and British Empire
Rush-Bagot agreement (1817) set northern boundary of U.S.
Defeat of Napoleon ended most problems between Britain and U.S.
Indians lost last European ally = must now work with the U.S. government

alexander hamilton and john jay

who wrote the federalists papers