HSPA: CHAPTER 3 - ANATOMY FOR STERILE PROCESSING TECHNICIANS

ANATOMY

The study of the structure and relationship between body parts.

Physiology

The study of the function of body parts and body as a whole

Anatomical left

Refers to a structure on the patient's left side.

Anatomical right

Refers to a structure on the patient's right side.

Anterior

toward the front of belly surface; ventral

Posterior (dorsal)

toward the back

Midline

imaginary line down the center of the body into left and right halves

Medial

nearer to the midline of the body

Lateral

father from the midline/ toward the side

Distal

farther from the origin of structure or from a given reference point

Proximal

nearer to the point of origin or to a reference point

Superior

above; in a higher position; cranial

Inferior

below or lower

Transverse plane

passes horizontally through the body and produces superior and inferior sections

Coronal plane

passes through the body, organ or structure, dividing into front (anterior) and back (posterior) sections

Sagittal plane

passes through the body, organ or structure dividing into left and right halves

Cell

Basic unit of life

cell membrane

outer covering of the cell that regulates what enters and leaves it

Cytoplasm

A jellylike fluid inside the cell between the cell membrane and nucleus

Nucleus

functional center of a cell that governs activity and heredity

Tissue

A group of similar cells that perform the same function.

Epithelial tissue

covers the body's external surface (skin) and the lining of the body cavities (mouth ears nose and throat)

Connective Tissues

provides support, stores energy, and connects other tissues and parts (includes bone, fat, blood, and cartilage)

Muscular tissue

shortens as it contracts providing movement

Nervous Tissue

located throughout the body, when stimulated, this tissue carries messages back and forth between the brain and every part of the body

Organs

formed when two or more different tissues are grouped together to perform a specific function

Body Systems

a group of organs that work together to carry out a specific activity

Tendon

cord of fibrous tissue connecting muscle to bone

ligaments

a band of connective tissue that connects a bone to another bone

cartilage

a type of flexible connective tissue

ossification

process of bone formation during which cartilage is replaced by bone

gliding joints

allow slight movement in which one bone slides along the surface of another

ball and socket joint

allow movements like swinging one's arm in a circle; consists of a bone with a rounded head that fits into a rounded cup of another bone (hips & shoulders)

pivot joints

allows a turning motion such as the palm of the hand rotating from up and down

joint

where two bones meet

craniotomy

making an opening into the skull to access the brain

anterior cervical fusion

removal of disc tissue pressing on a nerve in the neck area by inserting a piece of bone between the vertebrae and fusing this area with plates and screws

Posterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion (PLIF)

removing disc tissue pressing on the lower spine area, inserting a piece of bone between the vertebrae, and fusing this area with plates and screws. Skeletal System

Open Reduction Internal Fixation (ORIF)

Making an incision in the skin, realigning a fractured bone, and inserting screws and plates to ensure the bone ends do not move, so healing can be promoted.

total knee arthroplasty (TKA)

Removing the bone at the distal (farthest) end of the femur and the bone at the proximal (nearest) end of the tibia and replacing them with implants.

total hip arthroplasty

removing the head of the femur and the socket where it fits in the hip bone and replacing these structures with metal, ceramic, and plastic components

external fixation

Treating fractures with extensive tissue damage with either an optimal frame (placing pins with connected tubes to create a frame) or modular external fixator (rod-to-rod construction) to hold the bones together.

Hip pinning

stabilizing broken hip bones with surgical screws, Nails, rods or plates. Also known as internal fixation of the hip

trigger finger release

Making a small incision in the palm, then cutting the tendon sheath tunnel to widen it and allow the tendon to slide through it more easily

tibial osteotomy

Procedure to realign the knee by wedging open the upper shin bone (tibia) to reconfigure the knee joint.

fascia

a band or sheet of fibrous connective tissue that covers, supports, and separates muscle

skeletal muscles

attached to bones by tendons and make body movement possible

smooth muscles

organized into thin, flat sheets of tissue; called involuntary or visceral muscles because they contract & function without conscious control (like breathing)

cardiac muscles

similar to woven mesh fibers that branch out through the heart to give it more strength to pump blood; making the heart beat.

fasciotomy

making an incision into fibrous membrane covering a muscle usually to relieve pressure from an injured or swollen muscle

heriorrhaphy

repairing a cavity wall or muscle layer that is allowing all or part of an organ to project through an opening

Rotator Cuff Repair

Repairing the muscles and ligaments of shoulder joints. Frequently used methods are the Bankart, Putti-Platt, and Bristow procedures.

anterior cruciate ligament (acl) repair

Rebuilding the ligament in the center of the knee with a new ligament from the patient's own body (or from a donor), usually by knee arthroscopy.

muscle biopsy

Removing a small sample of muscle tissue for testing in a laboratory

The nervous system is comprised of two parts :

CNS - central nervous system

PNS - peripheral nervous system

CNS (central nervous system)

The part of the nervous system that includes the brain and spinal cord.

PNS (peripheral nervous system)

all nerve tissue outside the CNS

Brain

main control of CNS

Cerebrum

Largest part of the brain; controls mental activities and movement

Cerebellum

second largest part of the brain; controls muscle coordination, body balance and posture

Brain stem

controls many automatic body functions such as heartbeat and breathing

Peristalsis

the rippling motion of muscles in the digestive tract that mixes food with gastric juices to form a thin liquid

Sense Organs

accessory structures of nervous system that provide and impression of all that surrounds us (eyes, nose, ears, tongue, skin)

sclera

white of the eye, at center is the cornea

choroid

middle layer of the eye that furnishes nourishment to the eye via blood vessels; includes iris

retina

third layer that is light sensitive layer of the eye; contains rods and cones

Outer ear

the outermost part of the ear, consisting of the pinna and the external auditory canal

eardrum

tightly stretched membrane located at the end of the ear canal that vibrates when struck by sound waves

Inner ear

contains cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs; body balance regulated by the fluid found in the semi-circular canals

craniotomy

creating an opening in skull to expose brain

Carpal Tunnel Repair

Removal of tissue or displaced bone in the wrist area to release pressure on the median nerve

Ulnar Nerve Transposition

making an incision at the elbow area to allow the ulnar nerve to be moved to an area that provides protection and comfort

corneal transplant

Grafting corneal tissue from a donor eye to another to improve vision when the cornea is damaged or scarred.

bilateral myringotomy with tubes

Making an incision into the tympanic membrane(ear drum) to permit fluid to drain and placing small tubes in the membrane to permit continuous drainage

stapedectomy

removal of the stapes (an ear bone) when it has thickened and no longer transmits sound waves/ replaced with artificial implant to improve hearing

tympanoplasty

reconstruction of the eardrum so sound waves can be sent to the middle and inner ear

split thickness skin graft

cutting the skin (graft) from the donor site; graft is then transplanted onto the surgical area

Endocrine system

Consists of glands that control many of the body's activities by producing hormones.

pituitary gland

a small, pea-shaped gland located at base of the brain. Considered the master gland because it helps control the activities of all other endocrine glands. Secretions stimulate skeletal and body growth, development of sex organs, regulations of blood pressure, the reproductive process and muscle development.

thyroid gland

located at the base of the neck, just below larynx (voice box); its hormones help regulate the rate of metabolism and maintain the body's levels of calcium and phosphorus

parathyroid gland

four pea-shaped glands located on (sometimes in) the thyroid that controls the blood's calcium level

adrenal glands

during sudden stress, these glands, which are located on top of each kidney, release adrenaline that increases heart rate and physical strength.

pancreas

located just below the stomach, this gland contains cells organized into groups, known ad islets of the langerhans; hormones produced by them are insulin and glucagon

hormones

chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands, travel through the bloodstream, and affect other tissues

metabolism

the total chemical changes by which the nutritional and functional activities of an organism are maintained

insulin

hormone that reduced the level of sugar in blood

glucagon

Hormone that raises blood glucose levels.

thyroidectomy

removal of all or part of the thyroid gland

oophorectomy

removal of an ovary

orchiectomy

removal of a testicle

pituitary tumor resection

Removal of a tumor on the pituitary gland.

Thyroid excision

removal of nodules and / or goiters (enlargements) on the thyroid

adrenalectomy

removal of the adrenal gland

sperm

Male sex cell

ovum

female sex cell

chromosomes

rod-shaped structures made of DNA and proteins

testes

Male reproductive organs producing sperm and hormones.

scrotum

sac that holds the testes

Epididymis

a tube that carries sperm cells from testes to the vas deferens

vas deferens

the duct that conveys sperm from the testicle to the urethra.