BIOC 503 - Glycolysis

produce ATP

function of glycolysis, TCA cycle, and ETC is to ___ from the oxidation of fuel molecules

insures maximal ATP production, multiple regulatory points

ATP produced by glycolysis, fatty acids and AAs oxidation followed by TCA cycle and ETC in order to ____ and also allows the existence of ____ 

10, 2, 2

glycolysis is the oxidation of glucose in ___ steps, forming a net of __ ATP and __ pyruvate molecules

anaerobic

in __ conditions, pyruvate cannot proceed to the TCA cycle, and thus is fermented

• fermented to ethanol in yeasts and bacteria

• fermented to lactic acid/lactate in animals

preparatory phase 

part of glycolysis in which ATP is consumed during some reactions

payoff phase

part of glycolysis where ATP is produced in some reactions

hexokinase, 1

step 1: glucose is phosphorylated to form glucose 6 phosphate (G6P)

• reaction is carried by ___ which has a very low Km fro glucose allowing it to function at very low concentrations

• reaction coupled to ATP hydrolysis and thus use __ ATP

phosphoglucose isomerase

step 2: G6P converted to fructose 6 phosphate (F6P)

• reaction carried by ___

• from aldose to ketose

• reversible reaction driven forward by the fact that the product is immediately used and thus at low concentration

phosphofructokinase 1, 1

step 3: F6P turned into fructose 1,6 biphosphate

• reaction carried by ___ (PFK-1)

• coupled to ATP hydrolysis and thus uses __ ATP

• major point of regulation

• irreversible reaction

aldolase

step 4: fructose 1,6 biphosphate turned into one dihydroxyacetone phosphate (carbon 1-3) & one glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate (G3P) (carbon 4-6)

• reaction carried by ___

triose phosphate isomerase, 2

step 5: dihydroxyacetone phosphate converted to G3P

• reaction carried by ___

• ALL dihydroxyacetone phosphate converted to G3P for a total of __ G3P per glucose

• marks end pf preparatory phase

glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase

step 6: G3P molecule made into 1,3 biphosphoglycerate

• reaction done twice because 2 G3P molecules

• coupled to reduction of NAD+ to NADH 

• reaction carried by ___

phosphoglycerate kinase

step 7: 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate turned into 3-phosphoglycerate and ATP

• reaction happens twice

• reaction carried by ___

• turns ADP into ATP

phosphoglycerate mutase

step 8: 3-phosphoglycerate turned into 2-phosphoglycreate

• reaction happens twice

• reaction carried by ___

enolase

step 9: 2-phosphoglycerate turned into phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) via condensation reaction

• reaction carried by ___

• reaction happens twice

• condensation reaction = produces H2O

pyruvate kinase

step 10: PEP turned into pyruvate and ATP

• reaction carried by ___

• major point of regulation

• reaction happens twice

• make ADP into ATP

anaerobic

under ___ conditions, the body regenerates NAD+ from NADH by turning pyruvate into lactate

• reaction carried by lactate dehydrogenase

pyruvate kinase deficiency

condition leading to cells being unable to produce enough ATP

• especially red blood cells relying on glycolysis because they lack mitochondria

• red blood cells osmotic pressure kept using ATPase, thus if there is not enough ATP they cannot keep their osmotic pressure and become dysfunctional leading to hemolytic anemia

glactose

other sugar can also go through glycolysis such as ___

• after some intermediates, __ ends up as glucose-1-phosphate which is turned into G6P by phosphoglucomutase

fructose

other sugars can go through glycolysis such as ___

• made into ___-1-phosphate via fructokinase

• made into the glycolysis intermediate G3P and dihydroxyacetone phosphate via aldolase

galactosemia

deficiency in transferase leading to the inability to transform galactose intermediate into glucose 1 phosphate

fructosemia

aka fructose intolerance

fructose 1 phosphate aldolase deficiency so G3P and dihydroxyacetone phosphate cannot be made