Key Concepts in Social Stratification and Institutions

social stratification

The hierarchical arrangement of individuals in terms of power, prestige, and resources.

caste systems

Caste systems are closed and hereditary.

class systems

Class systems are open and based on achievement.

global stratification

The unequal distribution of resources among nations.

gender stratification

The unequal distribution of wealth, power, and privilege between men and women.

racial stratification

The unequal distribution of resources and opportunities based on race.

functions of the family

Socialization, regulation of sexual activity, social placement, and emotional security.

education

Education serves society through socialization, cultural transmission, social integration, and social placement.

deviance

Behavior that violates societal norms.

labeling theory

The idea that deviance is the result of how others interpret a behavior and label an individual.

strain theory

The theory that deviance occurs when there is a disconnect between societal goals and the means to achieve them.

social movements

Organized efforts by groups of people to bring about or resist social change.

social structure

The organized pattern of social relationships and institutions that make up society.

status

A recognized social position that an individual occupies.

primary groups

Primary groups are close-knit and personal (e.g., family).

secondary groups

Secondary groups are larger and more impersonal (e.g., coworkers).

bureaucracy

A formal organization with a hierarchy of authority and a clear division of labor.